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Selz: Connects the Apkallu with the Fallen Angels

“The correspondance between Enmeduranki, for a long time considered to be the Mesopotamian Enoch, with an apkallū named Utu-abzu, proved highly informative. (See W.G. Lambert, “Enmeduranki and Related Matters,” JCS 21 (1967): pp. 126-38; idem, “New Fragment.”) In 1974 Borger observed in an important article, that in tablet III of the omen series Bīt Mēseri (“House of […]

Published: October 9, 2015
Filed Under: 1 Enoch, 1832, 1866, 1874, 1883, 1967, 1992, 2011, apkallū, Armin Lange, Assyria, Babylonia, Berossos, Berossus, Beschwörungsserie, bird-apkallū, Book of Giants, Borger, Brill, Cuneiform Monographs, Ea, Enki, Enmebu-lugga, Enmedugga, Enmeduranki, Enmeduranki and Related Matters, Enmegalamma, Enoch, Eridu, F.A.M. Wiggermann, Fallen Angels, Gebhard J. Selz, genii, genius, Groningen, JCS, John Milton, Mesopotamia, Mesopotamian Protective Spirits, Mesopotamian Protective Spirits: The Ritual Texts, Michael, Milton, Nephilim, New Fragment, Nisroch, Oannes, Of Heroes and Sages–Considerations of the Early Mesopotamian Background of Some Enochic Traditions, Paradise Lost, Paul Gustave Doré, purādu, purādu-fish, Selz, Seven Sages of Sumeria, Shemihazah, Styx, The Dead Sea Scrolls in Context, U -anna, U-anne-dugga, Uruk List of Kings and Sages, Utu-abzu, Utuabzu, W.G. Lambert, Wiggerman
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Selz: Patriarchs and Sages

“A central figure in the discussion about the alleged Mesopotamian model for the antediluvian patriarchs soon became Enoch, who lived for 365 (364) years and of whom we read in Genesis 5:24: “Enoch walked with God then he was no more, because God took him away.” The verb lāqah in this context has received numerous comments. Biblical sources […]

Published: October 8, 2015
Filed Under: 1582 CE, 1624 CE, 1625 CE, 1647 CE, 1648 CE, 1728 CE, 1733 CE, 1961, 1962, 1993, 1995, 2004 BCE, 2011, 2028 BCE, American Philosophical Society, apkallū, Armin Lange, Astral Magic in Babylonia, B. Scholz, BA 451, Berossos, Bible, Bissell Bible Collection, Die Rolle der Astronomie in den Kulturen Mesopotamiens: Beiträge zum 3. Grazer Mor- genländischen Symposium, Die Tontafeln aus dem Resch-Heiligtum, dsîn-liq-unninnī, Elie nourri par le corbeau, Elijah, Enoch, Erica Reiner, Erra Epic, Etiological Myth of the “Seven Sages”, Figures de la Bible, Gebhard J. Selz, Genesis, Gerard Hoet, Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh Epic, Giovanni Lanfranco, God, Graz, Grazer Morgenländische Studien, H. Galter, hānaq, Ibbi-Sîn, Idris, Illustrators of the Figures de la Bible, J.J.A. van Dijk, Kabti-ilāni-Marduk, Kabtu-il-Marduk, Kain, KJV, Lenzi, lāqah, Mesopotamia, Musée des Beaux-Arts de Marseille, Oannes, Of Heroes and Sages, Of Heroes and Sages–Considerations of the Early Mesopotamian Background of Some Enochic Traditions, Old Testament, Orientalia, P. de Hondt, Philadelphia, RM Druck-und Verlagsgesellschaft, Rvalette, S. Parpola, Samizdat, Seleucid, Selz, Sumerian King List, The Dead Sea Scrolls in Context, The Hague, The Uruk List of Kings and Sages, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, University of Oklahoma Libraries, Ur III, Uruk, Uruk-Wanka Vorberichte, Westermann
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Melvin: Divine or Semi-Divine Intermediaries

The Divine Source of Civilization in Mesopotamian Myths “The motif of the divine origin of civilization is common in the ancient Near East, especially in Mesopotamia, and it stands in stark contrast to the portrayal of the rise of civilization in Genesis 1– 11. (Although many of my observations with regard to the view of […]

Published: September 15, 2015
Filed Under: 165 BCE, 1960, 1977, 1992, 2008, 2010, 4th century BCE, 860 BCE, 865 BCE, Adapa, Akkad, Alan Lenzi, Apkallu, apkallus, Babylonia, Bernard Batto, Berossus, Bible, Calah, Canaan, CBQMS, Chicago, Creation in the Biblical Traditions, Creation Theology in Genesis, David P. Melvin, Divine Mediation and the Rise of Civilization in Mesopotamian Literature and in Genesis 1-11, Egypt, Enki, Enoch, Erica Reiner, Erra and Ishum, Etiological Myth of the Seven Sages, fish-apkallu, Genesis, Gilgamesh, Greece, Hebrew, Hebrew Bible, Helge S. Kvanvig, Helsinki, J. J. Collins, JBL, Jean Bottéro, Journal of Hebrew Scriptures, Judaism, Kalhu, Lenzi, London, Lugalbanda, Marc Van De Mieroop, Mesopotamia, Neukirchen-Vluyn, Neukirchener Verlag, Nimrud, Orientalia, Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin, Paul D. Hanson, puradu-fish, R. J. Clifford, Roots of Apocalyptic: The Mesopotamian Background of the Enoch Figure and the Son of Man, SAAS, Secrecy and the Gods, Secrecy and the Gods: Secret Knowledge in Ancient Mesopotamia and Biblical Israel, Seven Sages of Sumeria, Sumer, Sumeria, Temple of Ninurta, The British Museum, The Catholic Biblical Association of America, The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, University of Chicago Press, Uruk Sage List, Utnapishtim, uzna rapašta, Washington, WMANT, Zainab Bahrani
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Izre’el: The Tale of the Adapa Myth

“Moreover, there is further textual evidence for the identification of the two figures in the combined name u-an(-na) adapa or u-ma-a-num a-da-pa (Lambert 1962: 73-4; van Dijk 1962: 44-8; Hallo 1963: 176; Bottéro 1969-70: 106; Borger 1974: 186; Picchioni 1981: 97-101; Kvanvig 1988: 202-4; Denning-Bolle 1992: 44-5; cf. Albright 1926). The mythological figure Adapa has, […]

Published: September 13, 2015
Filed Under: 1926, 1962, 1963, 1969-70, 1974, 1981, 1988, 1992, 2001, Adapa, Adapa and the South Wind, Adapa and the South Wind: Language Has the Power of Life and Death, Adapa Myth, Albright, An, Anu, Apkallu, ù.tu.a.ab.ba, banduddu, Berossus, Borger, Bottéro, Denning-Bolle, Dumuzi, Ea, Eisenbrauns, Gizzida, Hallo, Helge Kvanvig, Izre'el, Lambert, Mesopotamia, Nineveh, Oannes, Pergamon Museum, Picchioni, purādu-fish, Schlomo Izre’el, Seven Sages of Sumeria, South Wind, Temple of Ishtar, u-an(-na) adapa, u-ma-a-num a-da-pa, Uan, van Dijk
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Kvanvig: Dates the apkallu to the Beginning of the 1st Millennium BCE

“Most of the sources we have to these imaginations developed around the apkallus are Assyrian. This does not, however, mean that the imaginations only belonged to Assyrian mythology. Of the three lists of the apkallus known, two are Babylonian, and Bīt Mēseri was known in Babylonia. The most extensive description of their role we find […]

Published: September 11, 2015
Filed Under: 1969, 1994, 1st Millennium BCE, 2011, 539 BCE, 629 BCE, A.W. Sjöberg, Adapa Myth, Anthony Green, Apkallu, Asarluhi, Assyria, Assyrisch-babylonische Kleinplastik, Babylonia, Berossos, Brill, E. Bergmann, Enki's, Eridu, fish-apkallus, Green, Helge Kvanvig, Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars, me, Mischwesen, New York, Parpola, Poem of Erra, purādu-fish, Reallexikon der Assyriologie, Rittig, Roots of Apocalyptic, Sumeria, The Collection of the Sumerian Temple Hymns, ummanus, Ur, Uruk
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Kvanvig: On the Correspondences Between Antediluvian Myths

Is Anu never portrayed in Mesopotamian art?

Published: September 11, 2015
Filed Under: 2004, 2011, Adapa, Adapa Myth, An, Anu, Apkallu, apkallus, asûtu, Assyria, Babylonia, banduddu, Berossos, Black, Brill, bucket, bārûtu, Cambridge, Catalogue, Ea, F. Rochberg, Green, Helge Kvanvig, IDD, kalûtu, Lenzi, Moon God, mullilu, Nisroc, Oannes, Sin, Stephanie Dalley, tupšarrūtu, U-an, Uanadapa, ummanus, umu-apkallu, Uruk, van der Toorn, āšipūtu
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Kvanvig: The ilū mušīti Are the Stars of the Night

“How the actual connection between the earthly exorcist and his heavenly counterpart was imagined is vividly portrayed on an Assyrian bronze tablet from the first millennium. The image depicts the universe of an ill man. In the basement lurks the demon Lamaštu, ready to attack; in the upper room are divine figures supporting the heavens, […]

Published: September 4, 2015
Filed Under: 1959, 1984, 1992, 1995, 1st Millennium BCE, 2007, 2011, A. Green, Abwehrzauber und Behexung, Allat, Anu, AO 22205, Apkallu, Apotropaic Ritual, Assur, Assyria, Astral Magic in Babylonia, êru, Babyonia, Brill, Clermont-Ganneau, D. Schwemer, Darmstadt, Delebat, Demons, Die Welt der altorientalischen Bildsymbolik und das Alte Testament, Enlil, Ereshkigal, Erica Reiner, Faucher-Gudin, fish-apkallu, G. Lambert, Girra, god of fire, god of lamp and fire, Helge Kvanvig, ilū mušīti, Ishtar, J. Black, KAR, Kvanvig, Lamaštu, Lamp, London, Lulal, M. de Clercq, M. Peretie, massartu, massarātu ša mūši, Mesopotamia, Moon God, Mīs pî, nasāru, Nergal, Nusku, O. Keel, Pazuzu, Philadelphia, Prayer to the Stars, Psalm of Penitence, Ra, Sin, stars of the night, TAPhs, ugallu, Venus, Wiesbaden, Wiggermann, āšipū
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Kvanvig: On Šēp lemutti, Averting Evil

“The apkallus were also an essential part of the composition Šēp lemutti. The composition starts by defining the purpose of the ritual as to avert evil from the house. Then the text prescribes the types of figures to be fashioned and buried at set locations in the house. This section contains a long passage describing […]

Published: September 4, 2015
Filed Under: 1977, 1999, 2011, 612 BCE, 911 BCE, A. Tuskimoto, Adad-apla-iddina, An-enlilda, AO 19849, AO 22198, Apkallu, Assur, Assyrisch-babylonische Kleinplastik magischer Bedeutung vom 13.-6. Jh. v. Chr, Babylonia, banduddu, Bird Apkallu, BM 098061, Brill, British Museum, Dalley, Dessa Rittig, Detroit, Detroit Institute of Arts, DIA, DIA 47.181, Die Reliefprogramme, Finkel, Fish Apkallu, France, Green, Heidelberg, Helge Kvanvig, K. Watanabe, ka.pirig, Kalhu, Kolbe, Kvanvig, Lambert, London, Louvre, Louvre Museum, massaru, München, Mesopotamian Protective Spirits, Michigan, mullilu, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Assyrian Apotropaic Figures, Nimrud, Nimrud fragment no. 42, Nimrud fragment no. 43 and 45, Nimrud NW Palace, Nineveh, P. Hibbert, Paris, pirig, Priests and Officials in the Ancient Near East, puradu-fish, Sumeria, The Twenty-One "Poultices", Uruk, USA, Wiggermann, šiptu attunu salmānu apkallu massarī, āšipu, āšipū
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Curnow: Ziusudra Divides Invented Myth from Mythologized Fact

“After this, the story begins to become more confused. According to the legend preserved in a surviving fragmentary text (Dalley 2000, pp. 184-7), Adapa was the priest of Ea in his temple at Eridu. Eridu was regarded as one of the most ancient cities of Mesopotamia and the place where kingship first appeared as a […]

Published: September 3, 2015
Filed Under: 17th Century BCE, 1876, 1911, 1969, 1977, 1988, 1991, 2000, 2010, 2d Millennium BCE, 3d Century BCE, 7th Century BCE, A.R. Millard, Adapa, Anementus, Anenlilda, Annedotus, Anodaphus, Anu, Apkallu, Apsu, Atra-hasis, Atrahasis, Atrahasis Epic, Babylonia, Berossus, Bird Apkallu, Bloomsbury, Clarendon Press, Cuneiform, Curnow, Dalley, Ea, Eneubolus, Eneugamus, Enki, Enlil, Enmebelugga, Enmeduga, Enmegalamma, Epic of Gilgamesh, Eridu, Eudocus, Fish Apkallu, France, Greek, Hodges, Iraq, Ishtar, Jean-Vincent Scheil, Kish Tablet, London, Marduk, Mesopotamia, Nabu, Oxford, Oxford University Press, puradu-fish, Scheil Dynastic Tablet, Sippar, Stephanie Dalley, Sumerian King List, T.C. Mitchell, The Bible in the British Museum, The British Museum Press, The Deluge, The Flood, Trevor Curnow, Uan, Uanduga, Utnapishtim, Utuabzu, W.G. Lambert, Wilson, Wisdom in the Ancient World, Ziusudra
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Curnow: Boundaries of Legend and History

“In this chapter I shall be concerned with wise characters from myth and legend. I would not wish to pretend that the dividing line between myth, legend and history can be established with any certainty, and it may be that some of the characters who appear here have been unfairly removed from the historical record. […]

Published: September 3, 2015
Filed Under: 1800 BCE, 1876, 1992, 1994, 2000, 2000 BCE, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, A Remarkable Collection of Babylonian Mathematical Texts, A Survey of the Old Testament, Adam, Adapa, Alulim, Ammiluanna, Andrew H. Hill, Antediluvian King List, Apkallu, Ashmolean Museum, Babylonia, banduddu, Berkeley, Berossus, Bethesda, Bloomsbury, Bottero, Cornell University, Cuneiform, Cuneiform Royal Inscriptions and Related Texts in the Schoyen Collection, Curnow, Dalley, Dumuzi, Ea, Enoch, Ensipazianna, Eridu, fish-apkallu, Garden of Eden, Genesis 5, Grand Rapids, history, Hodges, horned tiara, Istanbul, John H. Walton, Joran Friberg, Larak, Larsa, List of Kings and Cities from before the Flood, Manuscripts in the Schoyen Collection, MD, me, Methuselah, MS 2855, MS 3175, Museum of the University of California, Noah, Oxford, Seven Sages, Shuruppak, Sippar, Soden, Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Springer, Studies in Assyriology and Sumerology, Sumeria, Sumerian King List, The Creation, The Deluge, The Flood, Trevor Curnow, Uan, Uburtutu, Uruk, Ziusudra, Zondervan Illustrated Bible, Zondervan Publishing House
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Dalley: Apkallu-7, IDD 2011

Iconography of Deities and Demons (IDD).  Apkallu (continued). Sources. Chronological Range. “All three types begin to appear in the late 2nd millennium. Some possible antecedents are noted by GREEN (1993-97: 252; see also nos. 66-70 belonging to the early Atlantid series, which MATTHEWS 1990: 109 dates to the 14th century). They could, however, have had […]

Published: September 3, 2015
Filed Under: 14th Century BCE, 1976, 1982, 1990, 1992, 1993, 1997, 2007, 2011, 2d Millennium BCE, 681 BCE, 704 BCE, 704-681 BCE, 859 BCE, 860 BCE, 865 BCE, 883 BCE, 883- 859 BCE, 884 BCE, 890 BCE, 890-884 BCE, Achaemenid, Amulets, Anthony Green, Apkallu, Aramaea, Assurbanipal, Assurnasirpal II, Assyria, Babylonia, Calah, Carchemish, Dalley, Emar, Gods Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia, Green, Hittite, Iconography of Deities and Demons in the Ancient Near East (IDD), IDD, Iran, Iraq, Jeremy Black, Kalhu, Kassite, London, Malatya, Matthews, MCEWAN, Mesopotamia, Nimrûd, Nimrud, Nineveh, Ninurta, Ninurta Temple, Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin, PALEY, Pasargadae, puradu-fish, Ronald Wallenfels, Sacred Tree, Sakce-gözü, Seleucid, Sennacherib, Seven Sages, Southwest Palace, Stephanie Dalley, Swiss National Science Foundation, Tell Ashara, Temple of Ninurta, Terqa, The British Museum, Tukulti-Ninurta II, University of Zurich, Urartu, Uruk, winged disc
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Dalley: Apkallu-4, IDD 2011

Iconography of Deities and Demons (IDD).  Apkallu (continued). Type 2 Fish-cloaked Apkallu, Phenotypes. “The fish-cloak Apkallu (12*, 33*–35, 40–66), a human figure wearing a fish-cloak suspended from the top of his head and with the head of a fish on top of his human head, corresponds to Berossos’ description of the first sage, Oannes. He […]

Published: August 27, 2015
Filed Under: 1989, 1994, 1998, 1st Millennium BCE, 2001, 2007, 2011, 681 BCE, 704 BCE, A.H. Layard, Adapa and the South Wind. Language Has the Power of Life and Death, Allat, Anthony Green, AO 22205, Apkallu, Apsu, Assur, Assyria, Aššur, Babylonia, banduddu, Barnett, Berlin, Berossos, British Museum, Bronze Age, Clermont-Ganneau, Dagon, Dalley, Ea, Eisenbrauns, Epic of Creation, Ereshkigal, Eridu, F.A.M. Wiggermann, Faucher-Gudin, Green, Iconography of Deities and Demons, Iconography of Deities and Demons in the Ancient Near East (IDD), IDD, Ishtar, Ištar, Kalhu, kullulu, Lamashtu, Lamaštu, Lamp of Nusku, Louvre, Lulal, M. de Clercq, M. Péretié, Marduk, mermen, Mesopotamia, Mischwesen. B, Moon God, muš-huš, mušhuššu, Nabu, Nergal, Nineveh, Ninurta, Nusku, Oannes, Pazuzu, Pergamon, Pergamon Museum, Reallexikon der Assyriologie, RLA, Sacred Tree, Schlomo Izre'el, scorpion man, Scorpion-tailed bird-man, Sennacherib, Shamash, Sin, SMSR, Stephanie Dalley, Sumeria, Swiss National Science Foundation, Temple of Ishtar, Temple of Ninurta, The Mesopotamian Pandemonium, Tiamat, ugallu, University of Zurich, Wiggermann, winged disc, winged scorpion men
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Dalley: Apkallu-2, IDD 2011

Iconography of Deities and Demons (IDD). Apkallu (continued). “The deities Ea, Damkina, Gula, Enlil, Adad, Marduk, Nabu, and Gerra were all called “sage of the gods” in texts on particular occasions; the link with Ea is apparent for type 2 from 40, 47–48, and with Marduk and Nabu from 63. A link between type 2 […]

Published: August 25, 2015
Filed Under: 1957, 1992, 2007, 2010, 2011, Adad, ANE 124531, ANE 124564, ANE 124568, Anu, apkallatu, Apkallu, Arabia, Assurbanipal, Assyria, Atrahasis, banduddu, Berossos, bird-apkallu, Borger, British Museum, Cambridge University Press, Dalley, Damkina, Ea, Enlil, feather, Gerra, Gula, horned tiara, Iconography of Deities and Demons, Iconography of Deities and Demons in the Ancient Near East (IDD), IDD, kid goat, Marduk, Mehmet-Ali Atac, Moon God, mullilu, Nabu, Naqia, Nimrud, Nisroc, Palace of Ashurnasirpal II, poppy bulbs, puradu-fish, rosette headband, Sennacherib, Sin, situla, Stephanie Dalley, Swiss National Science Foundation, The Mythology of Kingship in Neo-Assyrian Art, umu-apkallu, University of Zurich, Wiggermann, Ziusudra
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Dalley: Apkallu, IDD 2011

Iconography of Deities and Demons (IDD). Apkallu. “Mesopotamian semi-divine figure. A Babylonian tradition related by Berossos in the 3rd cent. (BURSTEIN 1978: 13f) describes a creature called Oannes that rose up out of the Red Sea in the first year of man’s history. His entire body was that of a fish, but he had another […]

Published: August 25, 2015
Filed Under: 1646 BCE, 1961, 1974, 1978, 1983, 1994, 19th Century CE, 2007, 2010, 2011, 3d Century BCE, 650 BCE, Adapa, Akkad, Anthony Green, Apkallu, Apsu, Assyria, Astrology, Atrahasis, Babylonia, Babylonian Theodicy, Baghdad, banduddu, Berlin, Berossos, Borger, Burstein, bīt mēseri, Dalley, Ea, Enki, Enlil-bani, Enmerkar, Enuma Anu Enlil, Epic of Creation, Epic of Erra and Ishum, Erica Reiner, Eridu, Esarhaddon, Green, Hammurabi, Hunger, Iconography of Deities and Demons, IDD, Isin, kullilu, Marduk, merman, mermen, Mesopotamia, Mischwesen. B, Myth of Etana, Nabu, Nebuchadnezzar I, Nineveh, Oannes, Omens, Pergamon Museum, poppy bulbs, puradu-fish, Rasmussen, Reallexikon der Assyriologie, Red Sea, Reiner, RLA, Scorpion-tailed bird-man, Sennacherib, Seven Sages of Sumeria, Shulgi, Stephanie Dalley, Sumeria, Sumerian King List, Swiss National Science Foundation, Tablet of Destinies, Tale of Three Ox-drivers, Temple of Ishtar, The Deluge, The Flood, UD.SAR Anum Enlila, ummânu, ummânum, ummiānum, umu-apkallu, University of Zurich, Utnapishtim, Wiggermann, Ziusudra
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Kvanvig: The Bīt Mēseri Ritual

“The study of F.A.M. Wiggermann on protective spirits has contributed considerably to the understanding of the apkallus in Bīt Mēseri. (Wiggermann, Mesopotamian Protective Spirits; Wiggermann deals with Bīt Mēseri especially on p. 105f. The connection between the apkallus and prophylactic rituals was already noticed by Oliver Robert Gurney, “Babylonian Prophylactic Figures and their Rituals,” Annals of […]

Published: August 23, 2015
Filed Under: 1935, 2011, AAA, apkallus, Babylonian Prophylactic Figures and their Rituals, bird-apkallus, Brill, bīnūt apsê, day-apkallus, exorcist, F.A.M. Wiggermann, fish-apkallus, Helge Kvanvig, Incantations, Mesopotamian Protective Spirits, O.R. Gurney, Oliver Robert Gurney, umu-apkallu, Wiggermann, āšipu
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Kvanvig: The Apkallus as Protective Spirits

“The apkallus are especially known from two incantation rituals: the one is Bīt Mēseri, as already stated; the other is called: šēp lemutti ina bit amēli parāsu, “to block the foot of evil into a man’s house” (KAR 298). The two incantation series have a different scope. Bīt Mēseri prescribes the procedures to be performed […]

Published: August 23, 2015
Filed Under: 1903, 1972, 1977, 1981, 1983, 1993, 1995, 1997, 2011, 612 BCE, 860 BCE, 865 BCE, 911 BCE, Anthony Green, Anu, AO 19845, AO 19849, AO 22198, Apkallu, Ashurnarzipal, Assyria, Assyrisch-babylonische Kleinplastik magischer Bedeutung vom 13.-6. Jh. v. Chr, Aššur, Babylonia, banduddu, Berlin, Berossos, bird-apkallus, BM 098061, Brill, British Museum, Calah, Curtis, Dessa Rittig, Detroit, Detroit Institute of Arts, DIA 47.181, Die Reliefprogramme religiös-mythologischen Characters in neu-assyrischen Palästen, Dieter Kolbe, F.A.M. Wiggermann, fish-apkallus, fleur de lis, Fort Shalmaneser, France, Frankfurt am Main, Helge Kvanvig, human apkallus, Iran, Iraq, Kalhu, KAR, London, Louvre, Louvre Museum, München, Mesopotamia, Michigan, Mischwesen A, Mischwesen B, mullilu, MVS, Nakamura, Neo-Assyrian Apotropaic Figures, Nimrud, Nimrud fragment no. 42, Nimrud fragment no. 43 and 45, Nineveh, Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin, Paris, Persagadae, Persia, puradu-fish, purādu-fish, Read, Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie (RLA), Reihe, Rosettes, S57, Sacred Tree, Seven Sages of Sumeria, Sumeria, Temple of Ninurta, Trudy S. Kawami, Ummânū, Ur, Uruk, USA, Šēp Lemutti, šēp lemutti ina bit amēli parāsu, āšipū
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Kvanvig: Limitations of Human Wisdom and the Loss of Eternal Life

“As we have seen, the fragments B and D then continue the story in different ways, although there is one common trait before they diverge: in both places Adapa is offered, and accepts “garment and oil” (Amarna fragment B rev. 60-5; Nineveh fragment D rev. 1-3). We think Izre’el is right here pointing out that there is a […]

Published: August 22, 2015
Filed Under: 2001, 2011, 612 BCE, 911 BCE, Adapa, Adapa and the South Wind: Language Has the Power of Life and Death, Amarna, Anu, AO 19849, AO 22198, Apkallu, Assyria, Assyrian, Babylonia, banduddu, Berossos, bird-apkallu, BM 098061, Brill, British Museum, bēlūssu, Demons, Detroit, Detroit Institute of Arts, DIA 47.181, Ea, Eisenbrauns, Enkidu, France, Helge Kvanvig, Incantations, Iraq, Ishtar, Izre’el, Kalhu, Light of An, London, Louvre, Louvre Museum, Magic, massartu, massarū, Michigan, mulllilu, Nimrud, Nineveh, Paris, Sacred Tree, Schlomo Izre'el, South Wind, Sumeria, U-an, Uan, Uandapa, UK, Uruk, USA, Watchers
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Kvanvig: The Apkallu are on the Borderline Between the Human and the Divine

“Our assumption is therefore that there existed two versions of the Adapa Myth in the Nineveh archives. Since the Nineveh fragments C and E follow fairly close to the Amarna text in fragment B where they overlap, we suppose, as quite commonly in scholarship (sic), that a story like fragment B was known to the […]

Published: August 22, 2015
Filed Under: 2008, 2011, Adab, Adad, Adapa, Adapa Myth, Amarna, ana šamê ina ēlišu, Anu, Apkallu, Assyria, Assyrian, a[n]a šamê īt[ellim]a, É-Ninkiagnunna, banduddu, Berossos, Berossus, bird-apkallu, bird-apkallū, Brill, bīt mēseri, Ea, Enki, Enmerkar, Göttingen, genies, Helge Kvanvig, Iškur, Ištar, Kiš, L.G. Perdue, Lu-Nanna, mullilu, Nineveh, Nisroc, Nungalpiriggaldim, Piriggalabzu, Piriggalnungal, Primeval History: Babylonian, purādu, purādu-fish, sacred trees, Scribes, South Wind, Tales of Two Sages—Towards an Image of the “Wise Man” in Akkadian Writings, Ummanu, ummânu, Uruk List of Kings and Sages, Utab, Utuabzu, utuabzu ša ana šamê ilū, V.A. Horowitz, Wiggermann, Šulgi
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Kvanvig: On the Destiny of Adapa

“The problem in the fragments to the Adapa Myth is that there is one crucial place where Amarna fragment B and the Nineveh fragment D overlap and they are significantly different. The last visible part of fragment B reads as follows, according to Izre’el’s translation: “Come Adapa, why did you not eat and drink? Hence […]

Published: August 21, 2015
Filed Under: 1964, 2001, 2011, Adad, Adapa, Adapa and the South Wind: Language Has the Power of Life and Death, Adapa Myth, Amarna, ana qaqqarišu, Anu, Apkallu, Ashur, Ashurnasirpal, Assyria, Babylonia, banduddu, Brill, Cook, Demons, e'ru, Ea, Eisenbrauns, Erica Reiner, Eridu, H.J. Cook, Helge Kvanvig, Ishtar, Izre'el, Kvanvig, Magicians, Mesopotamia, Moon God, Mushshushu, Nineveh, Pekah, Primeval History: Babylonian, Ramman the Bellowing One, Schlomo Izre'el, Seven Sages of Sumeria, Sin, South Wind, umu-apkallu, Vetus Testamentum, Wiggermann
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Kvanvig: Adapa Breaks the Wing of the South Wind

“Izre’el thus finds a structural level in the myth deeper than concerns about the figure of Adapa and his relationship to wisdom, language, and magic, and further, his role as the primary apkallu and patron of the magicians. In this deep level the myth symbolizes all humanity on their way to insight and maturity. We […]

Published: August 20, 2015
Filed Under: 1999, 2011, A Scholar’s Library in Meturan?, A. Cavigneaux, Adapa, Amarna, An, Anu, Apkallu, Assyria, Assyrian, Babylonia, Berlin, Brill, Dumuzi, Enki, Genesis, Gilgamesh, Groningen, Helge Kvanvig, Horned Headdress, Ishtar, Izre'el, K. van der Toorn, Mesopotamia, Moon-god, Nineveh, Ningizzida, Pergamon Museum, Puradu-Fish Apkallu, Rosette Design, Sin, South Wind, Sumeria, T. Abusch, Tell Haddad, Temple of Ishtar
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Kvanvig: The Apkallus had a Cosmic Function

“There is a clear difference between the group of seven and the subsequent group of four figures in Bīt Mēseri. The difference is not expressed in the same way as in the Uruk tablet in a general pattern of apkallus and succeeding ummanus. In Bīt Mēseri all the figures are apkallus with a curious exception of […]

Published: August 15, 2015
Filed Under: 1960, 1974, 2011, 860 BCE, 865 BCE, AHAW, Akkad, apkallus, Assyria, Atrahasis, B.R. Foster, Berossos, Brill, Calah, Ea, ešēru, fish-apkallu, German, Heidelberg, Helge Kvanvig, Hymn to Nusku, Iraq, J. van Dijk, Kalhu, Lambert, London, Lu-Nanna, Merodach, Mesopotamia, Millard, mušaklil, muštešer, Nimrud, Nintu, Nusku, Orientalia, Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin, paradu-fish, PH, Seven Sages of Sumeria, Sumeria, Summarische Götterlieder, tablets of destinies, Temple of Ninurta, The British Museum, The Twenty-One “poultices, ummanus, Uruk, usurtu, usurāt šamê u erseti, usurāti ša niši ussar, van Dijk, W.G. Lambert, Wisdom and the Gods in Ancient Mesopotamia, [seb]et apkallu ša Ea bēlum [u]zna rapašta ušaklilušunuti, šuklulu
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Kvanvig: Introducing the Apkallu Odakon

“In the first survey of the Sumerian tablets found in Tell Haddad, ancient Meturan, from 1993, A. Cavigneaux and F. Al-Rawi call attention to two pieces containing the Adapa Myth in Sumerian. They are dated to the Old Babylonian period. Since the manuscripts are not yet published, we have to rely on the description of […]

Published: August 14, 2015
Filed Under: 1993, 2011, A. Cavigneaux, Abraham, Adapa, Adapa Myth, Ahiqar, Akkad, Amarna, Apkallu, Aramea, Atrahasis, Babylonia, Berossos, Brill, Chaldeans, Chronicles, Enmeduranki’s, Eridu Genesis, Eusebius, F. Al-Rawi, Genesis, Helge Kvanvig, Israel, Jewish Antiquities, Josephus, Meturan, Nineveh, Oannes, Odakon, Persian Gulf, Praeperatio Evangelica, Qabalah: The Mystical Heritage of the Children of Abraham, Red Sea, Royal Chronicle of Lagash, Sumeria, Syncellus, Tell Haddad, The Deluge, The Flood, Uruk
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Kvanvig: Berossos and Primeval History

“Berossos does not only list the sages in succession. He is especially interesting because of the information he gives about the first sage, Oannes, who parallels Uan in the two other lists. Berossos’ account is here so noteworthy that we quote it as a whole: “In Babylonia there was a large number of people of […]

Published: August 14, 2015
Filed Under: 1930, 2011, AO 3337, Apkallu, Apollodoros, Assur, Atrahasis, Babylonia, Berossos, Brill, bīt mēseri, Chaldea, Chronicles, Enuma Elish, Eridu Genesis, Eusebius, H.F. Lutz, Helge Kvanvig, Kililu, Kulullu, Louvre, me, Oannes, Persian Gulf, Primeval History: Babylonian, Red Sea, Rittig, Royal Chronicle of Lagash, SM 9-1795, SM 9-1796, Sowie Museum, Suhurmassu, Sumeria, Syncellus, The Deluge, The Flood, Uan, University of California Publications in Semitic Philology
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Kvanvig: The Lists of the Seven Apkallus

“There are known three lists of apkallus, two cuneiform and the one in Berossos. The first known cuneiform list of seven apkallus was published by E. Reiner in 1961, and then reedited with new pieces added by R. Borger in 1974. Already Reiner suggested that the broken tablet belonged to the Neo-Assyrian incantations series Bīt Mēseri, […]

Published: August 12, 2015
Filed Under: 1961, 1962, 1974, 2011, 7, A. Cavigneaux, and Enochic: An Intertextual Reading, Anenlilda, Antediluvian King List, Apkallu, apkallus, Assyria, Babylonia, Babyloniaca, Biblical, Brill, bīt mēseri, Cuneiform Berossos, Die Beschwörungsserie Bit Meseri, E. von Weiher, Enmebulugga, Enmedugga, Enmegalamma, Erica Reiner, German, Greek, Helge Kvanvig, Incantations, Orientalia, Primeval History: Babylonian, protected house, R. Borger, Sumerian, The Etiological Myth of the ‘Seven Sages, Uan, Uandugga, Uruk, Utuabzu, van Dijk, W 20 030
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Lenzi: Authority Rooted in Divinity

“As for the political aspect of the agenda, there are at least three points that require attention. First, we know that the locus of scholarship had shifted from court to temple, thereby removing (as far as we can tell) scholars from regular influence within the centers of political power.  (See, e.g., Francesca Rochberg, “The Cultural […]

Published: August 5, 2015
Filed Under: 1991, 1993, 2008, 2012, Akkad, Alan Lenzi, Antiochus, Anu, Apkallu-Sealings from Hellenistic Uruk, apkallū, apkallū-seals, Archiv für Orientforschung, Baghdader Mitteilungen, Berossus, Brill, Cult of Anu, Die Rolle der Astronomie in den Kulturen Mesopotamiens: Beiträge zum 3 Grazer Morgenländischen Symposium, Die Tontafelfunde der Kampagne 1959/60, Ea, Ekur-zakir, Francesca Rochberg, Graz, Grazer Morgenländische Studien, Hannes D. Galter, Inschriftenfunde, IŠ, Jan van der Crabben, JANER, Lambert, Leiden, Map of the Main Cities of Sumer and Elam, Phirosiberia, Ronald Wallenfels, Seleucid, Seven Sages of Sumeria, Sin-leqi-unnini, Tafeln, telos, The Cultural Locus of Astronomy in Late Babylonia, The Uruk List of Kings and Sages and Late Mesopotamian Scholarship, ULKS, Uruk, van Dijk
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Lenzi: More on the Exaltation of the Anu Cult

“Beaulieu believes this development also provides an explanation for the great number of scholarly texts that have turned up in Seleucid-level excavations at Uruk, both traditional kinds known from elsewhere as well as those with an explicitly Urukean bias. (See François Thureau-Dangin, Tablettes d’Uruk à l’usage des Prêtres du Temple d’Anu au Temps des Séleucides, […]

Published: August 5, 2015
Filed Under: 1922, 2008, 201 BCE, 244 BCE, Adapa, Alan Lenzi, An, An = Anum god-list, Antiquarian Theology, Anu, Anum, apkallū, Babylonische und assyrische Kolophone, BaMB, Beaulieu, Brill, Bīt Rēs, Die Inschriftenfunde, Eana, Elam, Falkenstein, François Thureau-Dangin, Hunger, JANER, Kephalon, Kidin-Anu, Leiden, Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, Nabopolassar, Nikarchos, Nungalpirigal, Paris, Rituels Accadiens, Seleucid, SpBTU, Tablettes d’Uruk à l’usage des Prêtres du Temple d’Anu au Temps des Séleucides, Textes Cunéiformes du Louvre, The Uruk List of Kings and Sages and Late Mesopotamian Scholarship, Thureau-Dangin, Topographie, ULKS, Uruk, Uruk Prophecy, van Dijk
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Lenzi: The Exaltation of the god Anu

“This brings us to the last element of historical context: antiquarianism at Uruk. Certainly others have noticed the conspicuous rise of the Anu and Antu cult in Hellenistic Uruk in both the archaeological evidence of the massive Bīt Rēs temple dedicated to Anu and Hellenistic cuneiform texts. (For the former, see, for example, Downey, Mesopotamian […]

Published: August 5, 2015
Filed Under: 1987, 1992, 1994, 2008, 3000 BCE, 3300 BCE, 815 BCE, Achaemenid History I: Sources, Acta Sumerologica, Alan Lenzi, Amasagnudi, Amélie Kuhrt, An = Anum, Antiquarian Theology, Antiquarian Theology in Seleucid Uruk, Antiquarianism and the Concern for the Past in the Neo-Babylonian Period, Antu, Anu, Anu Ziggurat, Assyria, Astrology, Aššur, Babylon, Beaulieu, BM 118892, Brill, British Museum, Bulletin of the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies, Bīt Rēs, Crescent of the Moon god Sin, Crown of the Sky god Anu, Cuneiform, Downey, Eight-Pointed Star of Ishtar, Heleen Sancisi-Weerdenburg, Iraq, Ishtar, JANER, Leiden, Marduk, Mesopotamia, Mesopotamian Religious Architecture, Nabû, Nabu, Ninsubur, Papsukkal, Paul-Alain Beaulieu, Persia, Seleucid, Sin, SpBTU, Sun God, Survey of Written Sources Available for the History of Babylonia under the Later Achaemenids, Temple of Anu, The Uruk List of Kings and Sages and Late Mesopotamian Scholarship, Ummanū, Uruk, Warka, White Temple, Winged Disk of Aššur, Winged Disk of Marduk, Šamaš, Šamši-Adad V
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Lenzi: The ummânū Were The Scribal Heirs of the Antediluvian Sages

“Finally, although not giving specific proof of a genealogical relationship, the content of the well-known “Catalog of Texts and Authors” edited by Lambert attests once again the close connection between Ea, the mythological apkallū, and the ummânū as in the “mythology of scribal succession.” In this text Ea is credited with the authorship of several […]

Published: July 31, 2015
Filed Under: 1987, 2003, 2008, Alan Lenzi, American Oriental Series, American Oriental Society, and History: Philological and Historical Studies Presented to Erica Reiner, Apkallu, apkallū, Berossus, Brill, bārû, bīt mēseri, Catalog of Texts and Authors, Ea, Enmeduga, Enūma Anu Enlil, Esagil-kin-ubba, F. Rochberg-Halton, Gimil-Gula, Harvard University, JANER, Kabti-ili-Marduk, kalû, Lambert, Language, Leiden, Lu-Nana, Mehmet-Ali Ataç, New Haven, Oannes-Adapa, Saggil-kina-ubbib, Scribal-Sacerdotal Agency in the Production of the Neo-Assyrian Palace Reliefs: Toward a Hermeneutics of Iconography, Sidu, Simo Parpola, Sin-leqi-unnini, Taqiša-Gula, The Forlorn Scholar, The Uruk List of Kings and Sages and Late Mesopotamian Scholarship, Ummânū, Uruk, ša lām abūbi, āšipū
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Lenzi: The Antediluvian Medical Tablet from Ashurbanipal’s Library (K.4023)

“As is well-known, antediluvian knowledge had special significance in Mesopotamia. (For other examples of antediluvian knowledge (though sometimes in a broken context), see the examples gathered by Lambert, “Catalogue of Texts and Authors,” 72 at the note on VI 15.) The most important example of this fact for the purposes of this study comes from […]

Published: July 29, 2015
Filed Under: 1, 1-14]: Additions and Corrections, 1923, 1957, 1968, 1975, 1983, 2008, 860 BCE, 865 BCE, Alan Lenzi, Alter Orient und Altes Testament, AMT 105, Ancestors, and Canonicity, and Canonicity [JCS XI, antediluvian knowledge, apkallū, Ashurbanipal, Assur, Assyria, Assyrian Medical Texts, Authoritative Oral Tradition in Neo-Assyrian Scribal Circles, Authors, Babylon, Babylonische und assyrische Kolophone, Brill, Calah, Catalogue of Texts and Authors, colophon, Ea, Enlil-bani, Enlil-muballit, Eridu, fish-apkallū, H. Milford, hemerologies, Hermann Hunger, Iraq, Isin, JANER, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society, K.4023, Kalhu, KAR 177, Kevelaer, Lambert, Larsa, Leiden, Library of Ashurbanipal, London, Mesopotamia, mythology of scribal succession, Nazimuruttash, Neukirchen-Vluyn, Neukirchener Verlag, New York, Nimrud, Nineveh, Ninurta, Nippur, Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP (Glasg), Osnabrück, Otto Zeller Verlag, Oxford University Press, Parādu, Parādu-Fish, R. Campbell Thompson, Seven Sages, Seven Sages of Sumeria, Sippar, Suruppak, Temple of Ninurta, The British Museum, The Uruk List of Kings and Sages and Late Mesopotamian Scholarship, ULKS, Ummânū, Ur, Uruk, Verlag Butzon and Bercker, von Soden, W. G. Lambert, Yaakov Elman
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Lenzi: the Apkallū and the Ummânū May Be Artificially Related

“Considering only the evidence of DT 1, I think there is internal evidence in line 26 for the proper reading of NUN.ME in both lines 4 and 10. In line 26 Marduk is called the NUN.ME DINGIR.MEŠ (apkal ilī, “sage of the gods”) and the NUN (rubû, “prince”). These epithets are even adjacent to one […]

Published: July 29, 2015
Filed Under: 1998, 2008, Advice to a Prince: A Message from Ea, Alan Lenzi, apkal ilī, apkallū, Brill, Cole, dayyānū, DT 1, Ea, Hurowitz, JANER, Leiden, Marduk, Nineveh, Nippur, NUN, NUN.ME, NUN.ME DINGIR.MEŠ, NUN.MEŠ-šú, rubîšu, rubû, State Archives of Assyria Bulletin, The Uruk List of Kings and Sages and Late Mesopotamian Scholarship, ULKS, ummānu, Victor Hurowitz, Winkelhaken
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Lenzi: A Fault Line Where Legend and History Collides

“If this were the only instance of apkallū in a ritual context, this difference in genre would be of little consequence. But, in fact, it is not. The seven apkallū are mentioned, for example, in anti-witchcraft incantations in Maqlû II 124,36 V 110,37 VII 49,38 VIII 38 (though without names). (Note that the next line…has “the […]

Published: July 29, 2015
Filed Under: 1000 BCE, 1953, 1961, 1996, 2008, 700 BCE, Adapa, Advice to a Prince, Akkad, Alan Lenzi, Anatolian Studies, apkallū, Assurbanipal, Assyria, Babylon, Babylonian Wisdom Literature, Brill, bīt mēseri, Bīt rimki, Chicago, Commentationes Orientales, Das Dritte ‘Haus’ der Serie Bīt Rimki, dayyānū, DI.KUD.ME, DT 1, Ea, Eisenbrauns, Erica Reiner, Erra, Geneology, Gilgamesh, Incantations, J. J. A. van Dijk, JANER, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, La Sagesse Sumero-Accadienne, Lambert, Leiden, LKA, Maqlû, Mesopotamia, Mesopotamian Protective Spirits, muntalkū, Myth, Nineveh, Nippur, Nippur IV. The Early Neo-Babylonian Governor’s Archive from Nippur, NUN.ME-šú, Oriental Institute Publications, Orientalia, Oxford, Oxford University Press, Reiner, Ritual, rubû, Rykle Borger, Sanders, Schollmeyer, Seleucid, Steven Cole, The Etiological Myth of the ‘Seven Sages, The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, The Twenty-one ‘Poultices, The Uruk List of Kings and Sages and Late Mesopotamian Scholarship, ummânu, Uruk, W. G. Lambert, Wiggermann, Winona Lake
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Lenzi: Human apkallū are a Later Inclusion

Lenzi states that human apkallū in lists deriving from rituals were artificially grafted onto ancient texts.

Published: July 28, 2015
Filed Under: 1937, 1966, 1974, 1992, 2002, 2008, Alan Lenzi, Ancient Magic and Divination, apkallū, apkallē sūt Eridu likpidūšunūti ana lemuttim, apkallē sūt Eridu lipaššihū zumuršu, Archiv für Orientforschung, Archiv für Orientforschung Beiheft, Benjamin Foster, Berlin, Brill, bīt mēseri, Die assyrische Beschwörungssammlung Maqlû, Ea, Eisenbrauns, Emanuel Tov, Enmerkar, Gerhard Meier, Incantations, JANER, Leiden, Maqlû, May the seven sages of Eridu give his body relief, May the seven sages of Eridu plan evil for them, Mesopotamian Protective Spirits, Mesopotamian Witchcraft: Toward a History and Understanding of Babylonian Witchcraft Beliefs and Literature, Michael Fishbane, Nungalpirigal, nēmeqi nikilti Ea iqbû, Orientalia, Ritual and Incantation: Interpretation and Textual History of Maqlû, Sanders, Shaharei Talmon, Studien zur Beschwörungssammlung Maqlu, Styx, The Uruk List of Kings and Sages and Late Mesopotamian Scholarship, Tzvi Abusch, ULKS, Weston W. Fields, Wiggerman, Winona Lake, Wisdom and the Gods in Ancient Mesopotamia, ši-ma apkallē ša Apsî
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Lenzi: On the apkallū–ummânū Association

“There are of course quite early precedents for king lists, antediluvian or otherwise; there are also several earlier examples of kings being listed with their chief scholarly advisor (see the overview in A. Kirk Greyson, “Königslisten und Chroniken,” Reallexikon der Assyriologie 6 (1980) 86-135). But there is nothing that traces the royal scholars back through […]

Published: July 27, 2015
Filed Under: 1963, 1980, 1994, 1998, 1999, 2008, A. Kirk Greyson, Advice to a Prince, Alan Lenzi, and Apocalypse, and Apocalypse: Studies in the Theme of Ascent to Heaven in Ancient Mesopotamia and Second Temple Judaism, apkallū, Beaulieu, Berossus, Brill, bīt mēseri, Cuneiform, Cuneiform Monographs, Ea, Enmeduranki, Festschrift für Rykle Borger zu seinem, Groningen, Heavenly Writing, JANER, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Königslisten und Chroniken, Leiden, Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars, LKA, Lu-Nana, Mesopotamian Protective Spirits, Nungalpirigal, On the Antiquity of Sumerian Literature, Parpola, Pirigalabzu, Pirigalnungal, purādu-fish, Reallexikon der Assyriologie, Rochberg, Sanders, Secrecy and the Gods, Seleucid, Seth Sanders, Seven Sages, Stefan M. Maul, Styx, The Johns Hopkins University, The Qualifications of Babylonian Diviners, The Social and Intellectual Setting of Babylonian Wisdom Literature, The Uruk List of Kings and Sages and Late Mesopotamian Scholarship, Tikip santakki mala bašmu, ULKS, Ummânū, W. G. Lambert, W. W. Hallo, Wiggermann, Writing
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Lenzi: The Mythology of Scribal Succession

“The text of the ULKS is as follows: “During the reign of Ayalu, the king, Adapa was sage. During the reign of Alalgar, the king, Uanduga was sage. During the reign of Ameluana, the king, Enmeduga was sage. During the reign of Amegalana, the king, Enmegalama was sage. During the reign of Enmeušumgalana, the king, […]

Published: July 26, 2015
Filed Under: 1800 BCE, 2000 BCE, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, A Remarkable Collection of Babylonian Mathematical Texts, A Survey of the Old Testament, Aba-Enlil-dari, Abi-ešuh, Adad-apla-iddina, Adam, Adapa, Ahiqar, Alagar, Alan Lenzi, Alulim, Amegalana, Ameluana, AMMILU'ANNA, Andrew E. Hill & John H. Walton, Andrew George, Anenlilda, Antiochus, Antu, Anu, Anu-belšunu, apkallū, Arameans, Ashmolean Museum, Ayalu, Ayyar, Babylonia, Backgrounds, Bad-tibira, Berkeley, Bethesda, Brill, Bronze Lyre, CDL Press, Commentary, Cornell University Studies in Assyriology and Sumerology, Creation, Cuneiform Royal Inscriptions and Related Texts in the Schøyen Collection, Die Inschriftenfunde, Dumuzi, Ea, Eana, ELALGAR, EN-SIPA-ZI-ANNA, Enlil-ibni, Enmebuluga, Enmeduga, Enmeduranki, Enmegalama, ENMEGALANNA, Enmerkar, Enmeušumgalana, Enoch, Eridu, Esagil-kin-apli, Esagil-kin-ubba, Esarhaddon, Garden of Eden, Genesis 5, Gilgamesh, Gimil-Gula, Grand Rapids, Ibbi-Sin, Istanbul, Išbi-Erra, Ištar, JANER, Jöran Friberg, Kabti-ili-Marduk, Lapis Lazuli, Larak, Larsa, Leiden, Lenzi, List of Kings and Cities from before the Flood, Manuscripts in the Schøyen Collection, MD, MEDURANKI, Methuselah, MI, MS 2855, MS 3175, Museum of the University of California, Nebuchadnezzar, Nidintu-Anu, Nikarchos, Ninagal, Noah, Nungalpirigal, Oxford, Saggil-kina-ubbib, Shuruppak, Sidu, Sin-leqi-unnini, Sippar, Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Springer, Sumeria, Sumerian King List, Taqiš-Gula, The Babylonian Theodicy, The Deluge, The Flood, The Mythology of Scribal Succession, The Uruk List of Kings and Sages and Late Mesopotamian Scholarship, Uanduga, UBUR-TUTU, ULKS, Ummânū, Uruk, Utuabzu, van Dijk, Ziusudra, Zondervan Illustrated Bible, Zondervan Publishing House
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Lenzi: The Uruk List of Kings and Sages

THE URUK LIST OF KINGS AND SAGES AND LATE MESOPOTAMIAN SCHOLARSHIP ALAN LENZI University of the Pacific Abstract “The Uruk List of Kings and Sages is best known for its genealogy connecting human scholars to antediluvian sages. Since its publication in 1962, however, questions pertaining to the text’s specific purpose within the context of Hellenistic […]

Published: July 26, 2015
Filed Under: 1959, 1960, 1962, 1969, 1988, 1st Millennium BCE, 2008, 2d Millennium BCE, A.K. Grayson, Alan Lenzi, Antediluvian Sages, Antiquarianism, Anu, Anu Cult, apkallū, Archeology, Assyria, Assyrian and Babylonian King Lists, Baghdad Museum, Brill, Bīt Rēš, Cuneiform, Die Inschriftenfunde, Ea, Festschrift Von Soden, Geneology, German, Greece, Helge S. Kvanvig, Hellenistic Uruk, Horned Tiara Headdress, IM 65066, Jan van Dijk, JANER, Königlisten und Chroniken, Kevelaer, La Via Asociación Biblica Internacional, Leiden, Lišan mithurti, Mesopotamia, Mesopotamian Scholars, Neikirchen-Vluyn, Neukirchen-Vluyn, Neukirchener Verlag, Nicharkos, Persia, Reallexikon der Assyriologie, Roots of Apocalyptic: The Mesopotamian Background of the Enoch Figure and of the Son of Man, Sages, Seleucid, Temple, The Deluge, The Flood, The Uruk List of Kings and Sages, The Uruk List of Kings and Sages and Late Mesopotamian Scholarship, ULKS, ummânu, University of the Pacific, Uruk, Uruk King List, van Dijk, Vorläufiger Bericht über die...Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka, W.20030, Wissenschaftliche Monographien zum Alten und Neuen Testament 61
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Nakamura: the āšipu was Master of the Figurines

“There is a sense here of Derrida’s (1994) autonomous automaton, the animate puppet with a will of its own that yet obeys some predetermined program. By containing, concealing, and hiding these magical figures, the priest has made his mastery of their power complete.”

Published: July 25, 2015
Filed Under: 1978, 1992, 1994, 1997, 2003, 2005, Akkad, Allat, Apsû, Archaeologies of materiality, Assyria, Babyloniaca, Babyloniaka, Berossos, Black, Bottéro, Carolyn Nakamura, Clermont-Ganneau, Derrida, Ea, Eight-Pointed Star of Ishtar, Enki, Ereshkigal, ersętu, Faucher-Gudin, figurines, fish-apkallū, Frankfort, Green, Harrison, Inverted Half-Moon Crescent of the Moon God Sin, Ishtar, M. de Clercq, M. Péretié, Mastering matters: magical sense and apotropaic figurine worlds of Neo-Assyria, Maul, Mesopotamia, Moon God Sin, Nakamura, Nergal, Oannes, Priest, Sin, Underworld, Waters of Life, šamû, āšipu
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Nakamura: The Figurines as Magical Objects

“While such apotropaic figures appear in grand scale and idealized form on wall reliefs flanking entrances of kingly palaces purifying all who passed through the gates, the figures standing guard in floor deposits performed an additional task.”

Published: July 25, 2015
Filed Under: 1974, 1984, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 2003, 2005, Apkallu, apkallū, Archaeologies of materiality, Bašmu, Bird ApkallūFish Apkallū, Black, Bottéro, bull-human, Carolyn Nakamura, copper axe, Deleuze, Demons, Derrida, dogs, Ellis, Enki, Exorcists, god in lion pelt, Green, Hybrids, Incantations, Kulullû, Lahmu, Latarak, lion-demon, Magic, Mastering matters: magical sense and apotropaic figurine worlds of Neo-Assyria, Mesopotamia, Michael Taussig, Monsters, Ninšubar, Richards, Russell, sage, Sages, Six-Curled Lahmu, Smiting-god, snake-dragon, spade, Staff, Susan Stewart, Tiamat, Underworld, Wiggermann, āšipu
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Nakamura: Humans Make Up the gods Who Make Them

“The creation of powerful supernatural beings in diminutive clay form mimes the divine creation of being from primordial clay. But this figurine work enacts an idealized relation between the human and divine such that the mimetic act establishes a double appropriation. Through mimesis, the āšipu appropriates the divine power of creation by making copies of […]

Published: July 24, 2015
Filed Under: 1974, 2001, 2005, Archeologies of materiality, Carolyn Nakamura, Derrida, figurines, Mastering matters: magical sense and apotropaic figurine worlds of Neo-Assyria, Roger Caillois, āšipu
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Nakamura: An Idiom of Protection Arises in the Material Enactment of Memory

Mastering Matters “In the material register, Neo-Assyrian figurine assemblages present a physical gesture of miniaturization, hybrid form, and concealment. I have intimated that such material gestures disclose a magic technology as a symbolic and sensual logic that conspires with and against conventional value-producing forms. The question now becomes one of how this material reality presents […]

Published: July 24, 2015
Filed Under: 1984, 1985, 1993, 2001, 2004, 2005, An Idiom of Protection Arises in the Material Enactment of Memory, Archaeologies of materiality, Assyria, Bakhtin, Carolyn Nakamura, Jenson, Magic, Mastering matters: magical sense and apotropaic figurine worlds of Neo-Assyria, Nakamura, Priest, Rituals, Scarry, Stewart, Taussig, āšipu
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Carolyn Nakamura on the Figurines

Mastering Matters: Magical Sense and Apoptropaic Figurine Worlds of Neo-Assyria Introduction: Magical Figures from the Past “When contemplating certain deposits unearthed during the excavations at Nimrud in the 1950s, Max Mallowan remarked, “this magical practice had an immensely long survival, as witness the nursery rhyme: Four corners to my bed, Four angels round my head, […]

Published: July 19, 2015
Filed Under: 1800 CE, 1926, 1935, 1950, 1966, 1977, 1992, 1995, 2001, 2005, 612 BCE, 858 BCE, apkallū, Assur, Assyria, Aššur, Babylonia, Carolyn Nakamura, Curtis, Curtis and Read, fantastical beings, figurines, fish-apkallū, Fort Shalmaneser, Gurney, horned snakes, human-beast hybrids, KAR 298, Khorsabad, Magical Figures from the Past, Mastering Matters: Magical Sense and Apoptropaic Figurine Worlds of Neo-Assyria, Max Mallowan, mid-1900's CE, Neo-Assyria, Nimrud, Nineveh, Oates, Read, Rittig, Ritual, Room S57, Shalmaneser III, Sin-shar-ishkun, Smith, sun-dried clay, Ur, Wiggermann, Woolley, šēp lemutti ina bīt amēli parāsu
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Green Defines Numerous Figures

“After the lahmu, the text goes on to prescribe a type whose name is lost in the break but which is to be inscribed “Go out death, come in life!” Rittig has already pointed out, on the basis of figurines from Aššur, that this is the creature called in modern literature the “bull-man.” (F.A.M. Wiggermann […]

Published: July 18, 2015
Filed Under: 1930, 1961, 1978, 1979, 1983, Achaemenid, Akkad, Anthony Green, Aššur, Babylon, Barnett, British School of Archeology in Iraq, Bull-Man, Burnt Palace, D. Oates, D. Stronach, David A. Loggie, F.A.M. Wiggermann, fish-apkallū, Fort Shalmaneser, girtablīlu, Goat-fish, H.F. Lutz, ILN, IM 65138, Iraq, J.E. Curtis, kilīlu, kulīlu, kusarikku, lion-centaur, Lion-man, Loftus, Lutz, Mallowan, MMA 59.107.27, Mr.R. Edwards, mušhuššu, ND 3209, ND 4114, ND 7901, ND 8194, ND 9523, Neo-Assyrian Apotropaic Figures, Nimrud, Nineveh, North Palace, North-West Palace, Oxford, Pasargadae, Rassam, Rawlinson, Reade, Rittig, SNPAN, Sowie Museum 9-1795, Sowie Museum 9-1796, spearman, suhurmaššu, University of California Publications in Semitic Philology, urmahlīlu
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Figurines Excavated from the Burnt Palace and Fort Shalmaneser

The most expansive text prescribing the types of figurines is the Aššur ritual KAR, no. 298. After defining the purpose of the ritual as to avert evil from the house, the text begins to prescribe the types of figures to be fashioned and buried at set locations. It begins with a long passage prescribing wooden […]

Published: July 18, 2015
Filed Under: 1983, 7th Century BCE, 9th Century BCE, Anthony Green, apkallū, apkallē, Aššur, Babylon, banduddu, Bird Apkallū, BM 124573, British School of Archeology in Iraq, bucket, Burnt Palace, David A. Loggie, Fish Apkallū, Fort Shalmaneser, George Smith, Iraq, Islam, Jinn, KAR, Kassite, Mesopotamia, millilu, ND 4118, ND 4123, ND 7903B, ND 9518, Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Assyrian Apotropaic Figures, Nisroc, Palace AB, Ritual, S.E. Palace, Sages, Temples
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From Anthony Green, Neo-Assyrian Apotropaic Figures, 1983

“From Assyria and Babylonia in the first half of the first millennium BCE comes a series of small figurines in the round and relief plaques, which are usually found beneath the floors of buildings within receptacles of baked or unbaked brick or (at Nineveh) stone slabs or (so far restricted to Aššur) pottery jars; the […]

Published: July 17, 2015
Filed Under: 1931, 1961, 1983, 1st Millennium BCE, 613 BCE, 9th Century BCE, Acropolis Palace, Adad-nirari III, Anthony Green, apkallū, apkallē, Assyria, Assyrian Empire, Assyrisch-babylonische Kleinplastik magischer Bedeutung vom. 13.-6. Fh v. Chr., Aššur, Babylonia, Berlin, British School, Burnt Palace, Dessa Rittig, Domestic Spirits: Apotropaic Figurines in Mesopotamian Buildings, E. Douglas Van Buren, FFO, Fort Shalmaneser, Foundation Figurines and Offerings, Graz, Griffin-demon, Iraq, J.B. Stearns, Julian Reade, Mallowan, Middle Assyrian Art, Neo-Assyrian Apotropaic Figures, Neo-Assyrian Art, Nineveh, Nisroch, Philadelphia, Reliefs from the Palace of Ashurnasirpal II, Shalmaneser III
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Why No Canonical Literature Regarding the Apkallu?

“In adducing the motif of the “wise vizier”, I have only meant to show that the “wise men” of a tradition are not necessarily kings, and furthermore, to show the complexity of a problem that, if I do not pretend to solve, I neither am inclined to embezzle. In my opinion, the myth of the […]

Published: July 17, 2015
Filed Under: 1961, Adad, Adapa, ali sibīt apkallī (NUN.ME) apsî purādī ebbūti ša kīma Ea bēlišunu uzna sīrtu šuklulu, AMT, apkallū, Apsû, Ea, Eanna, Enlil-bani, Epic of Era, Epic of Erra, Erica Reiner, Güterbock, Greek, Isin, Ištar, JCS, K 8080, Lambert, Lu-Nanna, Marduk, Mesopotamia, Narām-Sin, old sages from before the flood, Orientalia, Piriggalabzu, poultices for magical purposes, purādu, Sargon, Seven Sages, The Etiological Myth of the "Seven Sages", ummânī šunūti ana apsî ušēridma, Ur, Ur-Gatumdugua, Šulgi
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On the Ummânu

“Such an association of the apkallu’s with kings of renown is singularly striking in view of the ancient near eastern motif that links a person of superior wisdom with a famous king. In Egypt, we have the tradition — or fiction — of viziers who are credited with the authorship of “instructions” or “admonitions” (see […]

Published: July 17, 2015
Filed Under: 1941, 1961, A.H. Krappe, Adapa, Ahiqar, ANET, apkallišu, apkallū, Babylonia, Babylonian Wisdom Literature, BWL, Disgrace and Rehabilitation of a Minister, Egypt, Erica Reiner, Fürstenspiegel, Ginsberg, H. Brunner, Handbuch der Orientalistik, Hebrew, J. Lindblom, J. Pereman, J.A. Wilson, JAOS, La Sagesse Suméro-Accadienne, Lambert, Mesopotamia, Old Testament, Oppenheim, raggu, Seven Sages of Sumeria, Supplements to Vetus Testamentum, Synchronistic King List, The Book of Assyro-Babylonian Proverbs, The Etiological Myth of the "Seven Sages", ummânu, van Dijk, viziers, W.G. Lambert, šarru . . . ana UM.ME A la iqūl
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Each King had his Apkallu

“The fish-figurines would seem to confirm the theory attractively put forward by Zimmern (KAT 535 ff. and subsequently ZA 35 151 ff.), that the apkallu’s, often occurring in groups of seven and sometimes identified with purādu-fish (Sumerian s u h u r . k u), represent Oannes and the other fish-like monsters who, according to Berosso’s account, taught mankind all crafts and […]

Published: July 17, 2015
Filed Under: 1894, 1961, 860 BCE, 865 BCE, AAA, Adapa, Allat, ANET, apkallū, Berossos, Calah, Clermont-Ganneau, Eight Pointed Star of Ishtar, Enmerkar, Ereshkigal, Erica Reiner, Eridu, Etana, Faucher-Gudin, Güterbock, Greek, Gurney, Inverted Half Moon Crescent of the Moon God Sin, Iraq, Ishtar, išippu Eridu, Jacobsen, Kalhu, KAR, KAT, London, Lu-Nanna, M. de Clercq, M. Péretié, Mesopotamia, Nergal, Nimrud, Ninurta, Nunpiriggaldim, Oannes, Orientalia, Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin, PSBA, purādu, Seven Sages, Sin, Speiser, Sumeria, Sumerian King List, Temple of Ninurta, The British Museum, The Etiological Myth of the "Seven Sages", ummânu, Waters of Life, ZA, Zimmern, Šulgi, ūmu
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Erica Reiner on the Etiological Myth of the “Seven Sages”

“The bilingual text LKA No. 76 has been characterized by Ebeling, in the catalog LKA p. x, as “Zweisprachiger Text von den ‘sieben Söhnen von Nippur’, mystischen Inhalts.” The obverse of the text contains an unusual self-description given by the “sons of Nippur,” to which I have been unable to find a parallel, but the […]

Published: July 16, 2015
Filed Under: 1935, 1961, Adad, Adapa, AfO, apkallus, apkallū, Apsû, Assyria, bīt mēsiri, Ea, Eanna, Ebeling, Eninkarnunna, Eninkiagnunna, Enmerkar, Erica Reiner, Eridu, G. Meier, Geers, Gilgamesh, ilitti amēlūti, Ištar, JRAS, Kiš, Kouyunjik, Landsberger, LKA, Lu-Nanna, LU.GIG, Nunpiriggaldim, O.R. Gurney, Orientalia, Piriggalabzu, Piriggalnungal, purādu, Sam'al, Seven Sages, sons of Nippur, suhurmāšu, The Etiological Myth of the "Seven Sages", ušumgallu, Šulgi
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Wiggermann Defines the Lamassu

“The limited number of candidates available for identification with e’ru, libbi gišimmari and urigallu enables us to choose a denotation, even when the results of philology are not unequivocal in each case. The sages and the lesser gods of NAss art share attributes and therefore functions: goat, sprig, greeting gesture, cone, bucket and mace. Both […]

Published: July 16, 2015
Filed Under: 1992, apkallū, ara gišimmari, banduddû, BiOr, bucket, bīt mēseri, e'ru, e'ru-stick/mace, F.A.M. Wiggermann, feather, Foxvog, gamlu, gamlu-curved staff, god of the house, greeting gesture, Groningen, Heimpel, horned tiara, il bīti, it bīti, kamsūtu, Kilmer, Kneeling Ones, Kolbe, libbi gišimmari, mace, Mesopotamian Protective Spirits: The Ritual Texts, mullilu, One Cubit, Reade, Reliefprogramme, Rituals, sprig, Spycket, Syria, tamarisk, The Winged Ones, urigallu, Weapon Men, Winged Ones, ša ištēt ammatu lān-šu, šūt kakkī, šūt kappī
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On the Fish-Apkallu

“Lamaštu amulets: The fish-apkallū on Lamaštu amulet 2 (and 4?), exactly like the ūmu-apkallū on Lamaštu amulets 3 and 61, has his left hand on the bed of the sick man. The right hand is slightly damaged, but probably greeting. Wrong hand: Occasionally apkallū are attested holding the bucket in their right hand: AfO 28 57f. 30 (above IIiI/6), Lamaštu […]

Published: July 15, 2015
Filed Under: 1926, 1992, 3d Millennium, ActAntHung, Adapa, AfO, Amulets, Anenlilda, Angular Object, AnSt, apkallū, ASKT, Assyriology, AWL, Babyloniaka, BaMB, Barton, Bauer, Benito, Berossos, bird-apkallū, Borger, bīnūt apsî, bīt mēseri, Cagni, Calmeyer, CANES, carp of the sea, Cone, creatures of apsû, Dish, Enki, Enki and Ninmah, Enki and the World Order, Enkum, Erra, F.A.M. Wiggermann, FGrH, Finkelstein, Fish-Man, Foster, Frond, FuB, Groningen, Hallo, hemidaimones, HSAO, IIISET, Iran, Jacoby, JAOS, JCS, JNES, JRAS, Kassite, KAT, Kawami, Kleinplastik, Kolbe, Komoróczy, Kulullû, Lamaštu, Lamaštu Amulets, Lambert, Lugalbanda, Maqlû, MBI, Mesopotamian Protective Spirits: The Ritual Texts, MSL, Ninkum, NUN.ME.KA X ME/GANA2f, Oannes, OrNS, PBS, Picchioni, purād tāmti, Reade, Reliefbronzen, Reliefprogramme, Rittig, S. Mayer Burstein, SANE, Seven Antediluvian Sages, Seven Apkallū of Eridu, Seven Children of Apsû, Smith, Staff, Stick, Sumerian, TCL, TCS, UET, Ukg., Ur, UVB, van Dijk, van Dijk-Mayer, VAS, who were grown in the river, Wiggermann, Wilcke, ZA, Zimmern, ša ina nāri ibbanú, ūmu-apkallū
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Bird Apkallu, Characterized as Griffin Demons

Excerpt: “…the griffin-demon does not stem from Babylonia; there he is attested first on the assyrianizing robe of Nabû-mukîn-apli holding cone and bucket…”

Published: July 15, 2015
Filed Under: 1992, 1st Millennium, Assyria, Babylonia, Babylonian Magical Texts, bit mēseri, Brinkman, Collon, Cone, Essays Wilkinson, F.A.M. Wiggermann, Frond, Griffin Demon, Groningen, King, Kleinplastik, Klengel Brandt, Kolbe, Madhloom, Mesopotamian Protective Spirits: The Ritual Texts, Nabû-mukîn-apli, Parker, Reade, Rittig, Staff, Sumer, Syria
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