Samizdat

Publishing the Forbidden. All Rights Reserved. © Samizdat 2014-2024.

Search Results

The World Tree of Eridu

“But the primitive home of Tammuz had been in that “garden” of Edin, or Eden, which Babylonian tradition placed in the immediate vicinity of Eridu. The fragment of an old bilingual hymn has been preserved, which begins in the following way : 1. “(In) Eridu a stalk grew over-shadowing; in a holy place did it […]

Published: May 9, 2015
Filed Under: 1898, A.H. Sayce, Asgard, Ash Rowan, Babylon, Babylonia, Cedar, Chaldea, Dav-kina, Demons, Ea, Eden, Edin, Eridu, Europe, Filaha, Fire God, Garden of Eden, Great Mother, Incubus, Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as Illustrated by the Religion of the Ancient Babylonians, Magic, Mandaite, masal, Merodach, Nabathean Agriculture, Norse, Phylactery, Rowan Ash, sursum, Tammuz, Temple of the Sun, World Tree, Ygg-drasil, Zikum
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Selz: Connects the Apkallu with the Fallen Angels

“The correspondance between Enmeduranki, for a long time considered to be the Mesopotamian Enoch, with an apkallū named Utu-abzu, proved highly informative. (See W.G. Lambert, “Enmeduranki and Related Matters,” JCS 21 (1967): pp. 126-38; idem, “New Fragment.”) In 1974 Borger observed in an important article, that in tablet III of the omen series Bīt Mēseri (“House of […]

Published: October 9, 2015
Filed Under: 1 Enoch, 1832, 1866, 1874, 1883, 1967, 1992, 2011, apkallū, Armin Lange, Assyria, Babylonia, Berossos, Berossus, Beschwörungsserie, bird-apkallū, Book of Giants, Borger, Brill, Cuneiform Monographs, Ea, Enki, Enmebu-lugga, Enmedugga, Enmeduranki, Enmeduranki and Related Matters, Enmegalamma, Enoch, Eridu, F.A.M. Wiggermann, Fallen Angels, Gebhard J. Selz, genii, genius, Groningen, JCS, John Milton, Mesopotamia, Mesopotamian Protective Spirits, Mesopotamian Protective Spirits: The Ritual Texts, Michael, Milton, Nephilim, New Fragment, Nisroch, Oannes, Of Heroes and Sages–Considerations of the Early Mesopotamian Background of Some Enochic Traditions, Paradise Lost, Paul Gustave Doré, purādu, purādu-fish, Selz, Seven Sages of Sumeria, Shemihazah, Styx, The Dead Sea Scrolls in Context, U -anna, U-anne-dugga, Uruk List of Kings and Sages, Utu-abzu, Utuabzu, W.G. Lambert, Wiggerman
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Melvin: On the Tower of Babel

“The story of the Tower of Babel in Genesis 11:1–9 provides further evidence for the human origin of civilization in the form of city-building. As Theodore Hiebert notes, the story of the Tower of Babel in Genesis 11:1–9 is not chiefly concerned with the construction of a tower, but rather with the founding of the […]

Published: September 21, 2015
Filed Under: 1526 AD, 1530 AD, 1563 AD, 1569 AD, 1982, 1992, 2007, Atlanta, Atrahasis, Babel, Babylon, Batto, Birs-i-Nimrud, CBQMS, Christoph Uehlinger, Creation in the Biblical Traditions, Creation Theology, David L. Peterson, Ea, Enki, Enoch, Enuma Elish, Eridu, Genesis, Igigi, Irad, JBL, John J. Collins, John Knox, JSOT, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Melvin, Mesopotamia, Noah, Paradise, Pieter Brueghel the Elder, Richard J. Clifford, Robert Di Vito, The Catholic Biblical Association of America, The Demarcation of Divine and Human Realms in Genesis 2–11, The Tower of Babel, The Tower of Babel and the Origin of the World's Cultures, Theodore Hiebert, Tower of Babel, Walter Brueggemann, Washington, Weltreich und “eine Rede”: Eine neue Deutung der sogenannten Turmbauerzählung, Wenham, Westermann, Yahweh
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Melvin: Human Civilization is a Gift of the gods

“At other times, the gods create civilization directly, either through the birth of the patron deities of aspects of civilization (e.g., agriculture) or by means of themes. (This phenomenon is especially prevalent in Sumerian creation accounts, which often emphasize the importance of agricultural technology by placing the creation of tools prior to and even necessary […]

Published: September 19, 2015
Filed Under: 1600 BCE, 1893 AD, 1896 AD, 1912, 1950, 1961, 2010, 600 BCE, Akkad, ANET, Arno Poebel, Ashnan, Atrahasis, Babylonia, Batto, Berlin, Bottéro, Cattle and Grain, Civilization, Cuneiform, David P. Melvin, de Gruyter, Divine Mediation and the Rise of Civilization in Mesopotamian Literature and in Genesis 1-11, Enki, Enki and Inanna, Enlil, Enuma Elish, Eridu, First Dynasty of Babylon, Genesis, Handbuch der Keilschriftliteratur, Inanna, Inanna and Enki, Journal of Hebrew Scriptures, Lahar, Library of Ashurbanipal, Melvin, mes, Mesopotamia, Miguel Civil, New York, Nippur, Rykle Borger, Samuel Noah Kramer, Sumer, Sumeria, Sumerian Mythology--A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium BCE, The Eridu Genesis, The Rulers of Lagash, The Song of the Hoe, Thorkild Jacobsen, University of Pennsylvania, Uruk
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Izre’el: Origins of the Adapa Myth

“Adapa the Sage Adapa was known in Ancient Mesopotamia as The Sage. The original etymology of the name Adapa may not have reached us. A lexical text lists a term adapu as meaning “wise” (Igituh I: 107), an attribute that is further attested in another late text (Lambert 1962: 74). This adjectival noun is undoubtedly […]

Published: September 13, 2015
Filed Under: 1911, 1961, 1962, 1974, 1978, 1986, 1992, 2001, Accad, Adapa, Adapa and the South Wind: Language Has the Power of Life and Death, adapu, Akkad, An, apkallus, Apsu, Ayyalu, ù.tu.a.ab.ba, Berossus, Borger, British Museum, Burstein, bīt mēseri, Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum, Denning-Bolle, E.A. Wallis Budge, Eisenbrauns, Eridu, Greek, Igituh, Izre'el, K 5519, Lambert, London, Mesopotamia, Oannes, puradu-fish, Reiner, Schlomo Izre’el, South Wind, Sumeria, The Babyloniaca, The Sage, Uan, Uanna, Utua-abba, Utuabzu, van Dijk, Wiggermann
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Kvanvig: Dates the apkallu to the Beginning of the 1st Millennium BCE

“Most of the sources we have to these imaginations developed around the apkallus are Assyrian. This does not, however, mean that the imaginations only belonged to Assyrian mythology. Of the three lists of the apkallus known, two are Babylonian, and Bīt Mēseri was known in Babylonia. The most extensive description of their role we find […]

Published: September 11, 2015
Filed Under: 1969, 1994, 1st Millennium BCE, 2011, 539 BCE, 629 BCE, A.W. Sjöberg, Adapa Myth, Anthony Green, Apkallu, Asarluhi, Assyria, Assyrisch-babylonische Kleinplastik, Babylonia, Berossos, Brill, E. Bergmann, Enki's, Eridu, fish-apkallus, Green, Helge Kvanvig, Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars, me, Mischwesen, New York, Parpola, Poem of Erra, purādu-fish, Reallexikon der Assyriologie, Rittig, Roots of Apocalyptic, Sumeria, The Collection of the Sumerian Temple Hymns, ummanus, Ur, Uruk
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Kvanvig: At the Brink of Legendary Time and Historical Time

“In Bīt Mēseri and Berossos, where there are narratives connected to the names, it is clear that the apkallus were those who brought humankind the basic wisdom needed to establish civilization. This is written out in a full story in Berossos; the same is referred to in Bīt Mēseri in the phrase “plans of heaven and […]

Published: September 11, 2015
Filed Under: 1800 BCE, 2000 BCE, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2047 BCE, 2094 BCE, 2120 BCE, A Remarkable Collection of Babylonian Mathematical Texts, A Survey of the Old Testament, Adam, Adapa, Adapa Myth, Alulim, Andrew E. Hill, Andrew George, Anu, apkallus, Ashmolean Museum, Assyria, Babylonia, Berkeley, Berossos, Bethesda, Brill, Colecciones Burzaco, Cornell University, Cuneiform Royal Inscriptions and Related Texts in the Schøyen Collection, Dumuzi, Ea, Enoch, Eridu, Garden of Eden, Genesis 5, Girsu, Grand Rapids, Helge Kvanvig, Istanbul, John H. Walton, Joran Friberg, Jose Latova, Kabti-ilāni-Marduk, Larak, Larsa, List of Kings and Cities from before the Flood, Lu-Nanna, Manuscripts in the Schøyen Collection, MD, Methuselah, MS 2855, MS 3175, Museum of the University of California, Nabonidus, Noah, Oannes, Oxford, Semites, Shuruppak, Sippar, Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Springer, Studies in Assyriology and Sumerology, Sumeria, Sumerian King List, Tello, The Deluge, The Flood, Uan, Uanadapa, Ubur-tut, Ur, Uruk, Ziusudra, Zondervan Publishing House, Šulgi
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Curnow: Ziusudra Divides Invented Myth from Mythologized Fact

“After this, the story begins to become more confused. According to the legend preserved in a surviving fragmentary text (Dalley 2000, pp. 184-7), Adapa was the priest of Ea in his temple at Eridu. Eridu was regarded as one of the most ancient cities of Mesopotamia and the place where kingship first appeared as a […]

Published: September 3, 2015
Filed Under: 17th Century BCE, 1876, 1911, 1969, 1977, 1988, 1991, 2000, 2010, 2d Millennium BCE, 3d Century BCE, 7th Century BCE, A.R. Millard, Adapa, Anementus, Anenlilda, Annedotus, Anodaphus, Anu, Apkallu, Apsu, Atra-hasis, Atrahasis, Atrahasis Epic, Babylonia, Berossus, Bird Apkallu, Bloomsbury, Clarendon Press, Cuneiform, Curnow, Dalley, Ea, Eneubolus, Eneugamus, Enki, Enlil, Enmebelugga, Enmeduga, Enmegalamma, Epic of Gilgamesh, Eridu, Eudocus, Fish Apkallu, France, Greek, Hodges, Iraq, Ishtar, Jean-Vincent Scheil, Kish Tablet, London, Marduk, Mesopotamia, Nabu, Oxford, Oxford University Press, puradu-fish, Scheil Dynastic Tablet, Sippar, Stephanie Dalley, Sumerian King List, T.C. Mitchell, The Bible in the British Museum, The British Museum Press, The Deluge, The Flood, Trevor Curnow, Uan, Uanduga, Utnapishtim, Utuabzu, W.G. Lambert, Wilson, Wisdom in the Ancient World, Ziusudra
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Curnow: Boundaries of Legend and History

“In this chapter I shall be concerned with wise characters from myth and legend. I would not wish to pretend that the dividing line between myth, legend and history can be established with any certainty, and it may be that some of the characters who appear here have been unfairly removed from the historical record. […]

Published: September 3, 2015
Filed Under: 1800 BCE, 1876, 1992, 1994, 2000, 2000 BCE, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, A Remarkable Collection of Babylonian Mathematical Texts, A Survey of the Old Testament, Adam, Adapa, Alulim, Ammiluanna, Andrew H. Hill, Antediluvian King List, Apkallu, Ashmolean Museum, Babylonia, banduddu, Berkeley, Berossus, Bethesda, Bloomsbury, Bottero, Cornell University, Cuneiform, Cuneiform Royal Inscriptions and Related Texts in the Schoyen Collection, Curnow, Dalley, Dumuzi, Ea, Enoch, Ensipazianna, Eridu, fish-apkallu, Garden of Eden, Genesis 5, Grand Rapids, history, Hodges, horned tiara, Istanbul, John H. Walton, Joran Friberg, Larak, Larsa, List of Kings and Cities from before the Flood, Manuscripts in the Schoyen Collection, MD, me, Methuselah, MS 2855, MS 3175, Museum of the University of California, Noah, Oxford, Seven Sages, Shuruppak, Sippar, Soden, Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Springer, Studies in Assyriology and Sumerology, Sumeria, Sumerian King List, The Creation, The Deluge, The Flood, Trevor Curnow, Uan, Uburtutu, Uruk, Ziusudra, Zondervan Illustrated Bible, Zondervan Publishing House
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Dalley: Apkallu-6, IDD 2011

Iconography of Deities and Demons (IDD). Apkallu (continued).  Type 3 Bird-of-Prey-Headed Apkallu, Problematic Identifications.  “The three types are identified from ritual texts and labels on figurines, but because the evidence is uncommon and sometimes ambiguous there are uncertainties. Change over time may also account for some difficulties. Some overlap in the iconography with Tiamat’s composite […]

Published: August 29, 2015
Filed Under: 1932, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2007, 2011, 800 BCE, A. Green, Abzu Temple of Enki, Amulets, Anshar, Anzu, Apkallu, Apsu, Assyria, Babylonia, banduddu, Dalley, Eisenbrauns, Enuma Elish, Epic of Creation, Eridu, Gods Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia, Green, H.W.F. Saggs, Iconography of Deities and Demons, Iconography of Deities and Demons in the Ancient Near East (IDD), IDD, J. Black, John D. Rockefeller, John Malcolm Russell, Kalhu, Kishar, Lahamu, Lahmu, Lamashtu, London, Mesopotamia, Metropolitan Museum, Metropolitan Museum of Art, MM 32.143.3, mullilu, Nabu, Northwest Palace of Assurnasirpal II, Ornan, Pazuzu, Russell, Stephanie Dalley, Sumeria, Swiss National Science Foundation, Tablet of Destinies, The British Museum Press, The Writing on the Wall. Studies in the Architectural Context of Late Assyrian Palace Inscriptions, Tiamat, umu-apkallu, University of Zurich, Wiggermann
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Dalley: Apkallu-4, IDD 2011

Iconography of Deities and Demons (IDD).  Apkallu (continued). Type 2 Fish-cloaked Apkallu, Phenotypes. “The fish-cloak Apkallu (12*, 33*–35, 40–66), a human figure wearing a fish-cloak suspended from the top of his head and with the head of a fish on top of his human head, corresponds to Berossos’ description of the first sage, Oannes. He […]

Published: August 27, 2015
Filed Under: 1989, 1994, 1998, 1st Millennium BCE, 2001, 2007, 2011, 681 BCE, 704 BCE, A.H. Layard, Adapa and the South Wind. Language Has the Power of Life and Death, Allat, Anthony Green, AO 22205, Apkallu, Apsu, Assur, Assyria, Aššur, Babylonia, banduddu, Barnett, Berlin, Berossos, British Museum, Bronze Age, Clermont-Ganneau, Dagon, Dalley, Ea, Eisenbrauns, Epic of Creation, Ereshkigal, Eridu, F.A.M. Wiggermann, Faucher-Gudin, Green, Iconography of Deities and Demons, Iconography of Deities and Demons in the Ancient Near East (IDD), IDD, Ishtar, Ištar, Kalhu, kullulu, Lamashtu, Lamaštu, Lamp of Nusku, Louvre, Lulal, M. de Clercq, M. Péretié, Marduk, mermen, Mesopotamia, Mischwesen. B, Moon God, muš-huš, mušhuššu, Nabu, Nergal, Nineveh, Ninurta, Nusku, Oannes, Pazuzu, Pergamon, Pergamon Museum, Reallexikon der Assyriologie, RLA, Sacred Tree, Schlomo Izre'el, scorpion man, Scorpion-tailed bird-man, Sennacherib, Shamash, Sin, SMSR, Stephanie Dalley, Sumeria, Swiss National Science Foundation, Temple of Ishtar, Temple of Ninurta, The Mesopotamian Pandemonium, Tiamat, ugallu, University of Zurich, Wiggermann, winged disc, winged scorpion men
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Dalley: Apkallu, IDD 2011

Iconography of Deities and Demons (IDD). Apkallu. “Mesopotamian semi-divine figure. A Babylonian tradition related by Berossos in the 3rd cent. (BURSTEIN 1978: 13f) describes a creature called Oannes that rose up out of the Red Sea in the first year of man’s history. His entire body was that of a fish, but he had another […]

Published: August 25, 2015
Filed Under: 1646 BCE, 1961, 1974, 1978, 1983, 1994, 19th Century CE, 2007, 2010, 2011, 3d Century BCE, 650 BCE, Adapa, Akkad, Anthony Green, Apkallu, Apsu, Assyria, Astrology, Atrahasis, Babylonia, Babylonian Theodicy, Baghdad, banduddu, Berlin, Berossos, Borger, Burstein, bīt mēseri, Dalley, Ea, Enki, Enlil-bani, Enmerkar, Enuma Anu Enlil, Epic of Creation, Epic of Erra and Ishum, Erica Reiner, Eridu, Esarhaddon, Green, Hammurabi, Hunger, Iconography of Deities and Demons, IDD, Isin, kullilu, Marduk, merman, mermen, Mesopotamia, Mischwesen. B, Myth of Etana, Nabu, Nebuchadnezzar I, Nineveh, Oannes, Omens, Pergamon Museum, poppy bulbs, puradu-fish, Rasmussen, Reallexikon der Assyriologie, Red Sea, Reiner, RLA, Scorpion-tailed bird-man, Sennacherib, Seven Sages of Sumeria, Shulgi, Stephanie Dalley, Sumeria, Sumerian King List, Swiss National Science Foundation, Tablet of Destinies, Tale of Three Ox-drivers, Temple of Ishtar, The Deluge, The Flood, UD.SAR Anum Enlila, ummânu, ummânum, ummiānum, umu-apkallu, University of Zurich, Utnapishtim, Wiggermann, Ziusudra
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Kvanvig: On the Destiny of Adapa

“The problem in the fragments to the Adapa Myth is that there is one crucial place where Amarna fragment B and the Nineveh fragment D overlap and they are significantly different. The last visible part of fragment B reads as follows, according to Izre’el’s translation: “Come Adapa, why did you not eat and drink? Hence […]

Published: August 21, 2015
Filed Under: 1964, 2001, 2011, Adad, Adapa, Adapa and the South Wind: Language Has the Power of Life and Death, Adapa Myth, Amarna, ana qaqqarišu, Anu, Apkallu, Ashur, Ashurnasirpal, Assyria, Babylonia, banduddu, Brill, Cook, Demons, e'ru, Ea, Eisenbrauns, Erica Reiner, Eridu, H.J. Cook, Helge Kvanvig, Ishtar, Izre'el, Kvanvig, Magicians, Mesopotamia, Moon God, Mushshushu, Nineveh, Pekah, Primeval History: Babylonian, Ramman the Bellowing One, Schlomo Izre'el, Seven Sages of Sumeria, Sin, South Wind, umu-apkallu, Vetus Testamentum, Wiggermann
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Kvanvig: Introducing the Apkallu Odakon

“In the first survey of the Sumerian tablets found in Tell Haddad, ancient Meturan, from 1993, A. Cavigneaux and F. Al-Rawi call attention to two pieces containing the Adapa Myth in Sumerian. They are dated to the Old Babylonian period. Since the manuscripts are not yet published, we have to rely on the description of […]

Published: August 14, 2015
Filed Under: 1993, 2011, A. Cavigneaux, Abraham, Adapa, Adapa Myth, Ahiqar, Akkad, Amarna, Apkallu, Aramea, Atrahasis, Babylonia, Berossos, Brill, Chaldeans, Chronicles, Enmeduranki’s, Eridu Genesis, Eusebius, F. Al-Rawi, Genesis, Helge Kvanvig, Israel, Jewish Antiquities, Josephus, Meturan, Nineveh, Oannes, Odakon, Persian Gulf, Praeperatio Evangelica, Qabalah: The Mystical Heritage of the Children of Abraham, Red Sea, Royal Chronicle of Lagash, Sumeria, Syncellus, Tell Haddad, The Deluge, The Flood, Uruk
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Kvanvig: Berossos and Primeval History

“Berossos does not only list the sages in succession. He is especially interesting because of the information he gives about the first sage, Oannes, who parallels Uan in the two other lists. Berossos’ account is here so noteworthy that we quote it as a whole: “In Babylonia there was a large number of people of […]

Published: August 14, 2015
Filed Under: 1930, 2011, AO 3337, Apkallu, Apollodoros, Assur, Atrahasis, Babylonia, Berossos, Brill, bīt mēseri, Chaldea, Chronicles, Enuma Elish, Eridu Genesis, Eusebius, H.F. Lutz, Helge Kvanvig, Kililu, Kulullu, Louvre, me, Oannes, Persian Gulf, Primeval History: Babylonian, Red Sea, Rittig, Royal Chronicle of Lagash, SM 9-1795, SM 9-1796, Sowie Museum, Suhurmassu, Sumeria, Syncellus, The Deluge, The Flood, Uan, University of California Publications in Semitic Philology
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Kvanvig: The Apkallu List from Bīt Mēseri

“Reiner numbers the lines 1’-31’, which covers the lines 9-31 in Weiher’s edition. Borger knew Weiher’s work on the Uruk recension of Bīt Mēseri when he translated the text, even though Weiher’s final edition was published afterwards. We will return to the different aspects of the text later. 1-2: Incantation: Uanna, who completed the plans […]

Published: August 12, 2015
Filed Under: 1959, 1963, 2011, Adab, Adad, Anenlilda, Antediluvian King List, Apkallu, Assyrians, É-Ninkiagnunna, Babylon, Babyloniaca, Berossos, Borger, Brill, bīt mēseri, D. O. Edzard, Dragons, Ea, en-me, Enki, Enmebaragesi von Kiš, Enmebulugga, Enmedugga, Enmeduranki, Enmeduranna, Enmegalamma, ENMEGALANNA, Enmenluanna, Enmerkar, Eridu, Greek, Helge Kvanvig, Incantations, Iškur, Ištar, JAOS, Kiš, Kvanvig, Lord of the great me, Lord of the me, Lu-Nanna, Neo-Assyrian, Nungalpiriggaldim, On the Antiquity of Sumerian Literature, Piriggalabzu, Piriggalnungal, Primeval History: Babylonian, Reiner, Roots of Apocalyptic, The Deluge, The Flood, Uanna, Uannedugga, Uruk, Utab, Utuabzu, W.W. Hallo, Weiher, ZA, Šulgi
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Timeline: Sumer

Timeline: Sumer 5400 BCE: The City of Eridu is founded. 5000 BCE: Godin Tepe settled. 5000 BCE – 1750 BCE: Sumerian civilization in the Tigris-Euphrates valley. 5000 BCE: Sumer inhabited by Ubaid people. 5000 BCE – 4100 BCE: The Ubaid Period in Sumer. 5000 BCE: Evidence of burial in Sumer. 4500 BCE: The Sumerians built their first temple. 4500 BCE: The City of Uruk founded. […]

Published: August 9, 2015
Filed Under: 1050 BCE, 1104 BCE, 1120 BCE, 1126 BCE, 1155 BCE, 1295 BCE, 12th Century BCE, 1300 - 1275 BCE, 1330 BCE, 1350 BCE, 1400 BCE, 1595 BCE, 1600 BCE, 1750 BCE, 1772 BCE, 1792 BCE, 1800 BCE, 1837 BCE, 1840 AD, 1861 BCE, 1861 CE, 1874, 1875 AD, 1880 CE, 1881, 1881 CE, 1896 CE, 1900 CE, 1901, 1901 CE, 1902, 1902 CE, 1922 CE, 1925 CE, 1932 CE, 1960 CE, 1973 CE, 1986 CE, 1987 CE, 2000 BCE, 2001 CE, 2004 BCE, 2005, 2005 CE, 2007, 2007 CE, 2009 CE, 2011 CE, 2012, 2014 CE, 2030 BCE, 2038 BCE, 2047 BCE, 2050 BCE, 2095 BCE, 2100 BCE, 2111 BCE, 2112 BCE, 2150 BCE, 2218 BCE, 2254 BCE, 2300 BCE, 2334 BCE, 2350 BCE, 2450 BCE, 24th Century BCE, 2500 BCE, 2600 BCE, 261 BCE, 268 BCE, 281 BCE, 2900 BCE, 312 BCE, 323 BCE, 331 BCE, 333 BCE, 335 BCE, 336 BCE, 337 BCE, 3500 BCE, 358 BCE, 359 BCE, 3600 BCE, 404 BCE, 405 BCE, 4100 BCE, 423 BCE, 424 BCE, 4500 BCE, 464 BCE, 465 BCE, 482 BCE, 485 BCE, 486 BCE, 5000 BCE, 521 BCE, 522 BCE, 529 BCE, 530 BCE, 538 BCE, 539 BCE, 5400 BCE, 550 BCE, 555 BCE, 556 BCE, 559 BCE, 560 BCE, 561 BCE, 562 BCE, 567 BCE, 586 BCE, 604 BCE, 605 BCE, 612 BCE, 625 BCE, 626 BCE, 627 BCE, 63 BCE, 668 BCE, 669 BCE, 680 BCE, 681 BCE, 704 BCE, 705 BCE, 721 BCE, 722 BCE, 727 BCE, 744 BCE, 745 BCE, 754 BCE, 755 BCE, 772 BCE, 773 BCE, 782 BCE, 783 BCE, 7th Century BCE, 810 BCE, 811 BCE, 819 BCE, 823 BCE, 824 BCE, 850 BCE, 854 BCE, 858 BCE, 859 BCE, 860 BCE, 884 BCE, 930 BCE, A Guide to the Babylonian and Assyrian Antiquities, A Remarkable Collection of Babylonian Mathematical Texts, A Survey of the Old Testament, Achaemenid (Early Persian) Period, Adad-nirari III, Adam, Agum II, Agum-kakrime, Akkad, Akkadian Period, Albert Kirk Grayson, Alexander the Great, Alulim, Ammisaduqa, Ammizaduga, Amorite Migration, Andre Parrot, Andrew E. Hill, Andrew George, Antediluvian King List, Antiochus, Antiochus Cylinder, Antiochus I, AO 4598, AO 4598ab, Apkallu, Apsû, Arik-den-ili, Arses, Artaxerxes, Artaxerxes II Memnon, Artaxerxes III Ochus, Ashmolean Museum, Ashur-uballit I, Ashurbanipal, Ashurnasirpal II, Assur, Assur-dan III, Assur-nirari V, Assyrian Rulers of the Third and Second Millennia BC (to 1115 BC), Astrology, Astronomical Diary VAT 4956, Austen Henry Layard, Aššur, Édouard de Sarzec, Babylon, Babylonia, Babylonian Period, Bardiya, Bel-shimanni, Berger, Berkeley, Berlin, Berlin Museum, Bethesda, BM 36277, Borsippa, British Museum, British Museum Press, Cambyses II, Carl Bezold, Catalogue of the Cuneiform Tablets in the Kouyujik Collection of the British Museum, CDL Press, Code of Hammurabi, Code of Ur-Nammu, Codex of Hammurabi, Composite Beings in Neo-Babylonian Art, Constance Ellen Gane, Cornell University Studies in Assyriology and Sumerology, Corpus of Mesopotamian Anti-Witchcraft Rituals online, Cuneiform, Cuneiform Royal Inscriptions and Related Texts in the Schøyen Collection, Cylinder of Antiochus I Soter, Cyrus Cylinder, Cyrus II, Daniel Schwemer, Darius I, Darius II, Darius III, Daud Thoma, Demons, Disease, Dumuzi, E.A. Wallis Budge, Ea, Eannutum, Early Dynastic I, Early Dynastic II, Early Dynastic III, Early Dynastic Period, Elam, Elamite Invasion, Eninnu, Enki, Enlil-bani, Enlil-nirari, Enoch, Enuma an enlil, Enuma Anu Enlil, Enuma Elish, Epic of Gilgamesh, Eridu, Esagil, Esagila, Esarhaddon, Esiraran, Euphrates, Evil-Merodach, Ezida, Ezida Temple, Ešarra, F.R. Kraus, Fae, Fara Period, First Code of Laws, First Dynasty of Lagash, Fragment of Urukagina, French Consul, Furlani, G Furlani, Gane, Garden of Eden, Genesis 5, George Adam Smith, George Smith, Girsu, Godin Tepe, Grand Rapids, Great Wall of King Shulgi, Gutian Period, Hammurabi, Henry C. Rawlinson, History Begins at Sumer, Hittite Kingdom, Holland, Hormuzd Rassam, Il Sacrificio Nella Religione dei Semiti di Babilonia e Assiria, Incantations, Invention of Writing in Sumer at Uruk, Iran, Iraq, Isin, Isin-Larsa, Istanbul, Istanbul Museum, Jacques de Morgan, Jastrow, Jöran Friberg, Jean-Vincent Scheil, Jerusalem, John H. Walton, K 3375, Kalah Shergat, Kassite Kingdom, Kassite Period, King Eannutum, King of the Four Regions, King of the World, King Shulgi, King Shulgi of Ur, Koldewey, L'Art d'Agave au Musee du Louvre, Labashi-Marduk, Lagash, Larak, Larsa, Late Uruk Period, Legal Code of Ur-Nammu, Lenzi, Library of Ashurbanipal, List of Kings and Cities from before the Flood, London, Louvre, Louvre Museum, Lullubi, Macedonian Dynasty, Manishtusu, Manuscripts in the Schøyen Collection, Marduk-zākir-šumi, MD, Memoires, Mesopotamia, Methuselah, Middle Assyrian Period, Morris Jastrow, Mosul, MS 2855, MS 3175, Muršili II, Musée du Louvre, Museum of the University of California, Nabû-apla-iddina, Nabonidus, Nabopolassar, Nabu Temple, Naram-Sin, National Museum of Iran, Nebuchadnezzar, Nebuchadnezzar II, Nebuchadrezzar III, Nebuchadrezzar IV, Neo-Assyrian Period, Neo-Babylonian Period, Neo-Sumerian, Neo-Sumerian Empire, Neriglissar, Nina, Nineveh, Nippur, No. 3191, Noah, Old Babylonian Period, Omens, Oriental Institute, Oxford, Paris, Pergamon Museum, Pierre Amiet, Puradu, Rama, Rassam, Reade, Rimush, Rites, Ritual, Rome, Royal Graves of Ur, Samuel Noah Kramer, Sargon, Sargon II, Satuni, Sb 4, Schaudig, Seleucid (Hellenistic) Period, Seleucids, Seleucus Nicator, Semites, Sennacherib, Shalmaneser III, Shalmaneser IV, Shalmaneser V, Shamash-eriba, Shamsi-Adad V, Shulgi, Shuruppak, Shutruk-Nahhunte, Sippar, Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Springer, Stele of Ur-Nammu, Stele of Vultures, Sting, Sulaymaniyah Museum, Sumer, Sumeria, Sumerian King List, Sumerian Renaissance, Susa, Tablet 63, Tablet of Shulgi, Tehran, Tello, Temple of Aššur, Temple of Nabu, Temple of the Universe, The Creation, The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, The Daily Telegraph, The Deluge, The Flood, The Flood Tablet, The Gilgamesh Tablet, The Netherlands, The Rise and Progress of Assyriology, The Ubaid Period, Theological University of the Reformed Churches, Tiglath-Pileser III, Tigris, Toronto, Ubaid, Ubaid Period, Umma, University of Chicago, University of Leiden, University of Toronto Press, Ur, Ur III Period, Ur-Nammu, Ur-Nammu Law Code, Ur-Nammu Yasasi, Uruinimgina, Uruk, Uruk Period, Urukagina, Utu-Hegal, Venus, Venus Tablet of Ammisaduqa, Victor Scheil, Victory Stele of King Eannutim, Victory Stele of Naram-Sin, Vorderasiatisches Museum, Weld-Blundell Prism, Witchcraft, Xerxes I, Xerxes II, Zagros, Zagros Mountains, Ziusudra, Zondervan, Zondervan Publishing House
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Lenzi: The Antediluvian Medical Tablet from Ashurbanipal’s Library (K.4023)

“As is well-known, antediluvian knowledge had special significance in Mesopotamia. (For other examples of antediluvian knowledge (though sometimes in a broken context), see the examples gathered by Lambert, “Catalogue of Texts and Authors,” 72 at the note on VI 15.) The most important example of this fact for the purposes of this study comes from […]

Published: July 29, 2015
Filed Under: 1, 1-14]: Additions and Corrections, 1923, 1957, 1968, 1975, 1983, 2008, 860 BCE, 865 BCE, Alan Lenzi, Alter Orient und Altes Testament, AMT 105, Ancestors, and Canonicity, and Canonicity [JCS XI, antediluvian knowledge, apkallū, Ashurbanipal, Assur, Assyria, Assyrian Medical Texts, Authoritative Oral Tradition in Neo-Assyrian Scribal Circles, Authors, Babylon, Babylonische und assyrische Kolophone, Brill, Calah, Catalogue of Texts and Authors, colophon, Ea, Enlil-bani, Enlil-muballit, Eridu, fish-apkallū, H. Milford, hemerologies, Hermann Hunger, Iraq, Isin, JANER, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society, K.4023, Kalhu, KAR 177, Kevelaer, Lambert, Larsa, Leiden, Library of Ashurbanipal, London, Mesopotamia, mythology of scribal succession, Nazimuruttash, Neukirchen-Vluyn, Neukirchener Verlag, New York, Nimrud, Nineveh, Ninurta, Nippur, Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP (Glasg), Osnabrück, Otto Zeller Verlag, Oxford University Press, Parādu, Parādu-Fish, R. Campbell Thompson, Seven Sages, Seven Sages of Sumeria, Sippar, Suruppak, Temple of Ninurta, The British Museum, The Uruk List of Kings and Sages and Late Mesopotamian Scholarship, ULKS, Ummânū, Ur, Uruk, Verlag Butzon and Bercker, von Soden, W. G. Lambert, Yaakov Elman
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Lenzi: Human apkallū are a Later Inclusion

Lenzi states that human apkallū in lists deriving from rituals were artificially grafted onto ancient texts.

Published: July 28, 2015
Filed Under: 1937, 1966, 1974, 1992, 2002, 2008, Alan Lenzi, Ancient Magic and Divination, apkallū, apkallē sūt Eridu likpidūšunūti ana lemuttim, apkallē sūt Eridu lipaššihū zumuršu, Archiv für Orientforschung, Archiv für Orientforschung Beiheft, Benjamin Foster, Berlin, Brill, bīt mēseri, Die assyrische Beschwörungssammlung Maqlû, Ea, Eisenbrauns, Emanuel Tov, Enmerkar, Gerhard Meier, Incantations, JANER, Leiden, Maqlû, May the seven sages of Eridu give his body relief, May the seven sages of Eridu plan evil for them, Mesopotamian Protective Spirits, Mesopotamian Witchcraft: Toward a History and Understanding of Babylonian Witchcraft Beliefs and Literature, Michael Fishbane, Nungalpirigal, nēmeqi nikilti Ea iqbû, Orientalia, Ritual and Incantation: Interpretation and Textual History of Maqlû, Sanders, Shaharei Talmon, Studien zur Beschwörungssammlung Maqlu, Styx, The Uruk List of Kings and Sages and Late Mesopotamian Scholarship, Tzvi Abusch, ULKS, Weston W. Fields, Wiggerman, Winona Lake, Wisdom and the Gods in Ancient Mesopotamia, ši-ma apkallē ša Apsî
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Lenzi: The Mythology of Scribal Succession

“The text of the ULKS is as follows: “During the reign of Ayalu, the king, Adapa was sage. During the reign of Alalgar, the king, Uanduga was sage. During the reign of Ameluana, the king, Enmeduga was sage. During the reign of Amegalana, the king, Enmegalama was sage. During the reign of Enmeušumgalana, the king, […]

Published: July 26, 2015
Filed Under: 1800 BCE, 2000 BCE, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, A Remarkable Collection of Babylonian Mathematical Texts, A Survey of the Old Testament, Aba-Enlil-dari, Abi-ešuh, Adad-apla-iddina, Adam, Adapa, Ahiqar, Alagar, Alan Lenzi, Alulim, Amegalana, Ameluana, AMMILU'ANNA, Andrew E. Hill & John H. Walton, Andrew George, Anenlilda, Antiochus, Antu, Anu, Anu-belšunu, apkallū, Arameans, Ashmolean Museum, Ayalu, Ayyar, Babylonia, Backgrounds, Bad-tibira, Berkeley, Bethesda, Brill, Bronze Lyre, CDL Press, Commentary, Cornell University Studies in Assyriology and Sumerology, Creation, Cuneiform Royal Inscriptions and Related Texts in the Schøyen Collection, Die Inschriftenfunde, Dumuzi, Ea, Eana, ELALGAR, EN-SIPA-ZI-ANNA, Enlil-ibni, Enmebuluga, Enmeduga, Enmeduranki, Enmegalama, ENMEGALANNA, Enmerkar, Enmeušumgalana, Enoch, Eridu, Esagil-kin-apli, Esagil-kin-ubba, Esarhaddon, Garden of Eden, Genesis 5, Gilgamesh, Gimil-Gula, Grand Rapids, Ibbi-Sin, Istanbul, Išbi-Erra, Ištar, JANER, Jöran Friberg, Kabti-ili-Marduk, Lapis Lazuli, Larak, Larsa, Leiden, Lenzi, List of Kings and Cities from before the Flood, Manuscripts in the Schøyen Collection, MD, MEDURANKI, Methuselah, MI, MS 2855, MS 3175, Museum of the University of California, Nebuchadnezzar, Nidintu-Anu, Nikarchos, Ninagal, Noah, Nungalpirigal, Oxford, Saggil-kina-ubbib, Shuruppak, Sidu, Sin-leqi-unnini, Sippar, Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Springer, Sumeria, Sumerian King List, Taqiš-Gula, The Babylonian Theodicy, The Deluge, The Flood, The Mythology of Scribal Succession, The Uruk List of Kings and Sages and Late Mesopotamian Scholarship, Uanduga, UBUR-TUTU, ULKS, Ummânū, Uruk, Utuabzu, van Dijk, Ziusudra, Zondervan Illustrated Bible, Zondervan Publishing House
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Nakamura: The Figurines as Magical Objects

“While such apotropaic figures appear in grand scale and idealized form on wall reliefs flanking entrances of kingly palaces purifying all who passed through the gates, the figures standing guard in floor deposits performed an additional task.”

Published: July 25, 2015
Filed Under: 1974, 1984, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 2003, 2005, Apkallu, apkallū, Archaeologies of materiality, Bašmu, Bird ApkallūFish Apkallū, Black, Bottéro, bull-human, Carolyn Nakamura, copper axe, Deleuze, Demons, Derrida, dogs, Ellis, Enki, Exorcists, god in lion pelt, Green, Hybrids, Incantations, Kulullû, Lahmu, Latarak, lion-demon, Magic, Mastering matters: magical sense and apotropaic figurine worlds of Neo-Assyria, Mesopotamia, Michael Taussig, Monsters, Ninšubar, Richards, Russell, sage, Sages, Six-Curled Lahmu, Smiting-god, snake-dragon, spade, Staff, Susan Stewart, Tiamat, Underworld, Wiggermann, āšipu
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Each King had his Apkallu

“The fish-figurines would seem to confirm the theory attractively put forward by Zimmern (KAT 535 ff. and subsequently ZA 35 151 ff.), that the apkallu’s, often occurring in groups of seven and sometimes identified with purādu-fish (Sumerian s u h u r . k u), represent Oannes and the other fish-like monsters who, according to Berosso’s account, taught mankind all crafts and […]

Published: July 17, 2015
Filed Under: 1894, 1961, 860 BCE, 865 BCE, AAA, Adapa, Allat, ANET, apkallū, Berossos, Calah, Clermont-Ganneau, Eight Pointed Star of Ishtar, Enmerkar, Ereshkigal, Erica Reiner, Eridu, Etana, Faucher-Gudin, Güterbock, Greek, Gurney, Inverted Half Moon Crescent of the Moon God Sin, Iraq, Ishtar, išippu Eridu, Jacobsen, Kalhu, KAR, KAT, London, Lu-Nanna, M. de Clercq, M. Péretié, Mesopotamia, Nergal, Nimrud, Ninurta, Nunpiriggaldim, Oannes, Orientalia, Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin, PSBA, purādu, Seven Sages, Sin, Speiser, Sumeria, Sumerian King List, Temple of Ninurta, The British Museum, The Etiological Myth of the "Seven Sages", ummânu, Waters of Life, ZA, Zimmern, Šulgi, ūmu
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Erica Reiner on the Etiological Myth of the “Seven Sages”

“The bilingual text LKA No. 76 has been characterized by Ebeling, in the catalog LKA p. x, as “Zweisprachiger Text von den ‘sieben Söhnen von Nippur’, mystischen Inhalts.” The obverse of the text contains an unusual self-description given by the “sons of Nippur,” to which I have been unable to find a parallel, but the […]

Published: July 16, 2015
Filed Under: 1935, 1961, Adad, Adapa, AfO, apkallus, apkallū, Apsû, Assyria, bīt mēsiri, Ea, Eanna, Ebeling, Eninkarnunna, Eninkiagnunna, Enmerkar, Erica Reiner, Eridu, G. Meier, Geers, Gilgamesh, ilitti amēlūti, Ištar, JRAS, Kiš, Kouyunjik, Landsberger, LKA, Lu-Nanna, LU.GIG, Nunpiriggaldim, O.R. Gurney, Orientalia, Piriggalabzu, Piriggalnungal, purādu, Sam'al, Seven Sages, sons of Nippur, suhurmāšu, The Etiological Myth of the "Seven Sages", ušumgallu, Šulgi
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

On the Fish-Apkallu

“Lamaštu amulets: The fish-apkallū on Lamaštu amulet 2 (and 4?), exactly like the ūmu-apkallū on Lamaštu amulets 3 and 61, has his left hand on the bed of the sick man. The right hand is slightly damaged, but probably greeting. Wrong hand: Occasionally apkallū are attested holding the bucket in their right hand: AfO 28 57f. 30 (above IIiI/6), Lamaštu […]

Published: July 15, 2015
Filed Under: 1926, 1992, 3d Millennium, ActAntHung, Adapa, AfO, Amulets, Anenlilda, Angular Object, AnSt, apkallū, ASKT, Assyriology, AWL, Babyloniaka, BaMB, Barton, Bauer, Benito, Berossos, bird-apkallū, Borger, bīnūt apsî, bīt mēseri, Cagni, Calmeyer, CANES, carp of the sea, Cone, creatures of apsû, Dish, Enki, Enki and Ninmah, Enki and the World Order, Enkum, Erra, F.A.M. Wiggermann, FGrH, Finkelstein, Fish-Man, Foster, Frond, FuB, Groningen, Hallo, hemidaimones, HSAO, IIISET, Iran, Jacoby, JAOS, JCS, JNES, JRAS, Kassite, KAT, Kawami, Kleinplastik, Kolbe, Komoróczy, Kulullû, Lamaštu, Lamaštu Amulets, Lambert, Lugalbanda, Maqlû, MBI, Mesopotamian Protective Spirits: The Ritual Texts, MSL, Ninkum, NUN.ME.KA X ME/GANA2f, Oannes, OrNS, PBS, Picchioni, purād tāmti, Reade, Reliefbronzen, Reliefprogramme, Rittig, S. Mayer Burstein, SANE, Seven Antediluvian Sages, Seven Apkallū of Eridu, Seven Children of Apsû, Smith, Staff, Stick, Sumerian, TCL, TCS, UET, Ukg., Ur, UVB, van Dijk, van Dijk-Mayer, VAS, who were grown in the river, Wiggermann, Wilcke, ZA, Zimmern, ša ina nāri ibbanú, ūmu-apkallū
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

On the Names of the Umu-Apkallu

“History. The name-like designations of the ūmu-apkallū are artificial and systematic; they do not even pretend to be historical realities. The names all start with ūmu / UD and may have been grafted on the u4- and p i r i g – names of other apkallū (Güterbook ZA 42103, Hallo JAOS 83 175, Reiner […]

Published: July 6, 2015
Filed Under: 1992, Antediluvian Sages, apkallū, Assyria, Babylon, Bad-tibira, balātu, Berossos, bird-apkallū, Eridu, Euphrates, Exorcism, F.A.M. Wiggermann, Finkelstein Memorial Volume, Güterbook, Groningen, Hallo, Iraq, J. Bottéro, JAOS, JSC, Keš, Kleinplastik, Kullab, Lagaš, Larak, Mesopotamian Protective Spirits: The Ritual Texts, nadānu, Nippur, nūru, nūru rabû ša apsî, Oannes, OrNS, pirig, Pirig-gal-abzu, Postdiluvian Sages, r a, Reiner, Rittig, s a g - g i š - r a, S. Mayer Burstein, SANE, Sippar, sum, Sumeria, umu-apkallu, Ur, UVB, z i, z i - u d - s ù - r a, ZA, Šuruppak, š e ES, šagšu, še, ūmu, ūmu ša ana šagši balāta inamdinu, ūmu-apkallū
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Lahmu, “The Hairy One,” is Not Apkallu

“The Babylonian scientific and religious texts reveal the names of over three thousand gods and demons, members of local and national pantheons. Most, if not all, play a part in cult or magic, and must have been represented in some form. Gods and demons, cult and magic, are the main subjects of Babylonian art, but generally […]

Published: June 29, 2015
Filed Under: 1936, 1941, 1953, 1983, 1987, 1989, 1992, 1st Millennium BCE, 2014, 2d Millennium BCE, 800 BCE, Abzu, Akkad, Alasdair Livingstone, Amulets, Anshar, Apkallu, Apsu, Assyria, B. Landsberger, Babylonia, Boundary Stones, British Museum, Bull Man, Bull-Son-of-the-Sun, bīt mēseri, Cult, Demons, Die Unterweltsvision eines assyrischen Kronprinzen, E. Eberling, E. Köcher, E. Rochberg-Halton, Eisenbrauns, Enki, Enuma Elish, Epic of Creation, Eridu, F.A.M. Wiggermann, Göttertypentext, Groningen, GUD.DUMU.dUTU, H.W.F. Saggs, Helsinki, hero with six curls, JEOL, K 2987B+, K. Frank, Kishar, kusarikku, Lahamu, Lahmu, Lakhmu, Lamashtu, Lamaštu, Lamaštu: An Edition of the Canonical Series of Lamaštu Incantations and Rituals and Related Texts from the Second and First Millennia BC, Language, London, Magic, MAOG, Mesopotamia, Mesopotamian Protective Spirits: The Ritual Texts, Mitteilungen des Instituts für Orientforschung (MIO), Naked Hero, Pazuzu, Reallexikon der Assyriologie (RlA), Ritual, State Archives of Assyria (SSA), The Hairy One, Tiamat, Unterweltsvision, W. von Soden, Walter Farber, ZA
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

On the Apkallu

“During the course of the years studying and teaching the Primeval History as recorded in the literary texts of ancient Mesopotamia, this writer has been struck by certain similarities between the Akkadian apkallu (Sumerian algal / NUN.ME / EN.ME), creatures of the god Ea, the “sages of old,” and the biblical nēpīlîm of Genesis 6 […]

Published: June 19, 2015
Filed Under: 1953, 1983, 1985, A. Green, Abubu, Adad, Adam, Adapa, Akkad, algal, Anenlilda, Anne Draffkorn Kilmer, Assyria, Atrahasis, British Museum, Cain, Daughters of Men, Der babylonische Göttertypentext, Ea, Eden, Edgar W. Conrad, Edward G. Newing, EN.ME, Enki, Enmebulagga, Enmedugga, Enmegaluamma, Enmerkir, Epic of Erra, F. Köcher, Francis I. Andersen, Genesis, Gilgamesh, Iraq, Ishtar, Lu-Nanna, Marduk, mes-tree, Mesopotamia, Mischwesen, Mitteilungen des Instituts für Orientforschung, Neo-Assyrian Apotropaic Figures, Nephilim, Nimrud, Ninmah, Noah, NUN.ME, Nunpiriggaldim, nēpīlîm, Perspectives on Language and Text, Piriggalabsu, Piriggalabzu, Piriggalnungal, purādu, Seven Sages of Sumeria, Shuruppak, Sons of Elohim, Sumeria, Sumerian King List, The Deluge, The Flesh of the gods, The Flood, The Mesopotamian Counterparts of the Biblical Nephilim, Tree of Knowledge, Tree of Life, Uanna, Uannedugga, ummianu, ummiānu, Utnapishtim, Utuabba, Utuabzu, Yahweh, Ziusudra
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

On the Mythic Reigns of Antediluvian Kings in Sumeria

“Of the many fascinating and instructive artifacts that have been recovered from sites in Iraq where flourishing Sumerian cities once stood, few have been more intriguing than a prism now in the Weld-Blundell collection of the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, England. Known more popularly as the Sumerian King List, it is held to have been […]

Published: June 17, 2015
Filed Under: 1753 BCE, 1763 BCE, 1960 BCE, 1993, 2000 BCE, 2070 BCE, 261 BCE, 281 BCE, Abu Habba, Antediluvian Dynasties, Antediluvian Preamble, Antiochus I, Ashmolean Museum, Badtibira, Baghdad, Berossos, Diwaniyah, England, Eridu, Five Antediluvian Cities, Greece, Iraq, Isin Dynasty, Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society (JETS), Kish, Kut el-Imara, Larak, Oxford, Postdiluvian Dynasties, R.K. Harrison, Reinvestigating the Antediluvian Sumerian King List, Shuruppak, Sippar, Suen-magir, Sumeria, Sumerian King List, Tell el-Wilaya, Tell Fara, Tell Medain, Telloh, Third Dynasty of Ur, Uruk, Utu-Hegel, Weld-Blundell Prism
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

On the Date of The Flood

“I now turn to Berossos’ account of the Flood as the central narrative of book 2. The extant fragments contain the following elements: – Kronos reveals the destruction of mankind in a dream – Xisouthros is told he must bury the tablets in Sippar – He must build a boat and embark together with family, […]

Published: June 17, 2015
Filed Under: 120 saroi = 120 x 3600 Years, 15th Day of Month Daisios, 1753 BCE, 1763 BCE, 2013, 432000 Years, Alan Lenzi, Antediluvian Dynasties, Antediluvian King List, Apkallu, Ark, Armenia, Ashmolean Museum, Astronomical Great Year, Astronomy, Ayyaru, Babylon, Babyloniaca, Babyloniaca 2, Berossos, Bird Scene, Bitumen, Book Two: Mesopotamian Early History and the Flood Story, Buried Tablets, Date of the Flood, embryonaler Status, Eridu, Euphrates, Five Primeval Sumerian Cities, Giovanni Lafranchi, Great Year, Greece, Isin Dynasty, Jetzt-Zeit, Johannes Haubold, John Steele, Korduaian Mountains, Kronos, Macedonian Calendar, Manfried Dietrich, Mareri, Martin Lang, Mesopotamia, Robert Rollinger, Seleucid, Seven Sages of Sumeria, Sexagesimal Counting System, Sippar, Suen-magir, Sumeria, Sumerian King List, The Deluge, The Flood, The World of Berossos, Tigris, Weld-Blundell Prism, Xisouthros
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Augury Through the Flights of Birds and the Voice of the Thunder

“The divine storm-bird,” however, who invested himself by stealth with the attributes of Mul-lil, and carried the knowledge of futurity to mankind, served to unite the two species of augury which read the future in the flight of birds and the flash of the lightning. The first species was but a branch of the general pseudo-science which discovered […]

Published: May 16, 2015
Filed Under: 1898, A.H. Sayce, Accad, Assyria, Augury, Babylonia, bath qôl, Canaan, Daughter of the Voice, Divine Storm Bird, Eridu, Flash of the Lightning, Flights of Birds, Fortunetelling, Hades, Hebrew, Holy of Holies, δαιμονιον, Kadesh, Lebanon, Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as Illustrated by the Religion of the Ancient Babylonians, Mul-lil, Mul-me-sarra, Oannes, Oracle, Prognostication, Psalms, Semites, Socrates, Sumeria, Talmud, Voice of the Thunder, Wül-mö-sára
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

The Knowledge of Fire and Prognostication Were Stolen From the Gods

“It was thus that “the divine storm-bird” of the ancient Accadian faith passed into the god Zu of the Semitic epoch. “The divine storm-bird” was a ravenous bird of prey, of large size and sharp beak, who darted on its spoil and devoured the flesh. The Semitic Babylonians identified it with their Zu, partly because zu signified a […]

Published: May 16, 2015
Filed Under: 1886, Accad, Aladdin, Arabian Nights, Aryan, Babylonia, China, Divine Storm Bird, Eridu, Fire of Heaven, Fortunetelling, Greece, Knowledge of Fire, Knowledge of Good and Evil, Lightning, Lugal-banda, Marad, Merodach, Prognostication, Prometheus, roc, Semites, Sippara, The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, The Lusty King, Thor, Zu
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

More Totemism

“We can learn a good deal about this totemism from the old ideographic representations of the names of the chief deities. They are like fossils, embodying the beliefs of a period which had long passed away at the date of the earliest monuments that have come down to us. The name of Ea himself affords us […]

Published: May 13, 2015
Filed Under: 1898, A.H. Sayce, Accadian, Anúna, Antelope, Assyrian, Babylonia, Bible, dara, Dungi, Ea, Erech, Eridu, Hommel, In-nina, Innána, Innína, Innina, Ishtar, Istar, Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as Illustrated by the Religion of the Ancient Babylonians, Mar, Nâna, Nina, Ninâ, Nineveh, Oppert, Persian Gulf, sutartu, Tammuz, Tel Id, Tel-loh, Terah, Tillili, Totemism, turakhu, śubar lilli
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Totemic Depictions of the Gods

“It is only the demons and inferior spirits, or mythical personages like Ea-bani, the friend of Gisdhubar, who are portrayed as animals, or as composite figures partly human and partly bestial. Ea alone, in his character of “god of life,” is given the fish’s skin, and even then the skin is but thrown over his […]

Published: May 13, 2015
Filed Under: 1898, A.H. Sayce, Accad, Alála, Assyria, Babylonia, Bêlos, Bêrôssos, Berossos, Cutha, Demons, Ea, Ea-bani, Egypt, Eridu, Gisdhubar, Ishtar, Kis, Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as Illustrated by the Religion of the Ancient Babylonians, Moon God, Nebo, Oannes, Persian Gulf, Semites, Shamash, Sin, Sun God, Tiamat, Winged Bulls, Zodiac
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Semiramis, Queen of Assyria

“But Istar was not merely the goddess of love. By the side of the amorous goddess there was also a warlike one. The Syrian goddess who migrated westward was a warrior as well as a bride. Among the Hittites and their disciples in Asia Minor, she was served not only by Galli, but by Amazons–warrior priestesses–as well. The Artemis […]

Published: May 13, 2015
Filed Under: 1898, A.H. Sayce, Accad, Amazons, Aphrodite, Arbela, Artemis, Asia Minor, Assur, Assur-bani-pal, Assyria, Assyrians, Â, Babylon, Babylonia, Bel, Bilit ili, Chaldea, Cyprus, Dav-kina, Dove, Eridu, Galli, Goddess of Love, Greece, Hittites, Istar, Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as Illustrated by the Religion of the Ancient Babylonians, Menôn, Nineveh, Ninos, Ninyas, Phoenicia, Samas, Semiramis, Semites, Sun God, Syrian Goddess, Tammuz, The Ninevite, Zames, Zarpanit
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Syncretic Istar

“But who, all this while, was the goddess, whom one legend made the faithful wife enduring even death for her husband’s sake, while another regarded her as the most faithless and cruel of coquettes? I have already spoken of her as the goddess of love, and such, indeed, she was to the Babylonian or Assyrian […]

Published: May 10, 2015
Filed Under: 1898, A.H. Sayce, Assur-bani-pal, Assyria, Babylon, Babylonia, Dav-kina, Demon of Lust, Eridu, Faucher-Gudin, Goddess of Love, Greece, Hades, Ishtar, Istar, Istar's Descent, Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as Illustrated by the Religion of the Ancient Babylonians, Ménant, Nabonidos, Recherches sur la Glyptique orientale, Sin, Sun God, Talmud, Tammuz, Tiele, Tillili, Waters of Life
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

The Tree of Life = The Tree of Knowledge

“But the cedar was something more than a world-tree. It was employed, as we have seen, in incantations and magic rites which were intended to restore strength and life to the human frame. It was thus essentially “a tree of life,” and the prototype and original of those conventional trees of Iife with which the walls […]

Published: May 10, 2015
Filed Under: 1845 CE, 1898, 1983, 859 BCE, 870-860 BCE, 883 BCE, A.H. Sayce, Anu, Ashur, Ashurbanipal II, Assyria, Assyrian Sculpture, Austen Henry Layard, Babylonia, Bel, British Museum, Cedar, Cone, Date Wine, Ea, Eridu, Genesis, Incantations, Iraq, J.E. Reade, Kalhu, Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as Illustrated by the Religion of the Ancient Babylonians, London, Magic, ME124531, Nimrud, Oracle, Palm, Rites, Shamash, Soothsayer, Tree of Knowledge, Tree of Life, World Tree
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Tammuz, Attys, Hadad, Adonis, Gingras, & Artemis, Istar, Aphrodite, Semiramis, Gingira

“Greek mythology itself knew the name of Tammuz as well as that of Adonis. Theias or Thoas was not only the Lemnian husband of Myrina and the king of the Tauric Khersonese who immolated strangers on the altars of Artemis, he was also king of Assyria and father of Adonis and his sister Myrrha or Smyrna. […]

Published: May 9, 2015
Filed Under: 1898, A.H. Sayce, Abel, ablu, Accad, Adar, Adonis, Amazons, Aphrodite, Artemis, Artemis of Ephesos, Asia Minor, Assyria, Attys, Cain, Carchemish, Ea, Ephesos, Eridu, Gingira, Gingiri, Gingras, Greece, Hadad, Hierapolis, Hittite, Istar, Khersonese, kinnór, Kinyras, Kymê, Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as Illustrated by the Religion of the Ancient Babylonians, Mul-lil, Myrina, Myrrha, Mythology, Nipur, Oppert, Scripture, Semiramis, Semites, Smyrna, Sun God, Tammuz, Theias, Thoas
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Sala of the Copper Hand = Ishtar, Evening Star

“Rimmon, accordingly, among the Babylonians and Assyrians, is the god of winds and cloud, of thunder and lightning, of storm and rain; he is the inundator who is called upon to cover the fields of the impious and unjust with water, and to pour his refreshing streams into a thirsty land. His wife went by the Accadian […]

Published: April 27, 2015
Filed Under: 1898, A.H. Sayce, Accad, Assyria, Babylon, Babylonia, Dav-kina, Ea, Erech, Eridu, God of Storm and Rain, God of Thunder and Lightning, God of Winds and Cloud, Goddess of the Copper Hand, Gubára, Gudea, House Supreme, Ishtar, Jerusalem, Jezreel, Lady of the Desert, Lady of the Mountain, Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as Illustrated by the Religion of the Ancient Babylonians, Lord of the Mountain, Matö, Meri, Merodach, Mistress of Hidden Treasure, Mistress of Wisdom, Nana, Nebo, Nebuchadnezzar, Phoenicia, Rimmon, Sala, Sun God, Syria, Tammuz, Tasmit, The Fire Flame, The Merciful, Venus, Zarpanit
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Hymns On the Seven Matu Gods

An Accadian hymn about the Seven Harmful Spirits: “They are the destructive reptiles, even the winds that create evil! as an evil reptile, as an evil wind, do they appear! as an evil reptile, as an evil wind, who marches in front are they ! Children monstrous (gitmalutu), monstrous sons are they! Messengers of the pest-demon are they! Throne-bearers of […]

Published: April 23, 2015
Filed Under: 1886, 1898, A.H. Sayce, Accad, Ana, Anúna-ge, Anu, Astronomy, Ea, Eridu, Fire God, gitmalutu, Goddess of Hades, H.C. Rawlinson, Hades, Hymns, Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as Illustrated by the Religion of the Ancient Babylonians, London, mátu, Meri, Nipur, Pest Demon, Rimmon, Sargon, Semites, Seven Harmful Spirits, Sumeria, The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

On the Babylonian Winds

“The primitive inhabitant of Babylonia paid a special worship to the winds. He beheld in them spirits of good and evil. He prayed for (‘the good wind” which cooled the heats of summer and brought moisture to the parched earth, and he saw in the storm and tempest, in the freezing blasts of winter and […]

Published: April 23, 2015
Filed Under: 1886, 1898, A.H. Sayce, abub, Accad, Anu, Assyria, Babylon, Babylonia, Bel, Dav-kina, Ea, Eclipse, Eridu, Euphrates, Four Winds, Gods of Nipur, Gubarra, H.C. Rawlinson, Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as Illustrated by the Religion of the Ancient Babylonians, mâtu, Merodach, Moon God, mulu mursamma-lil, Nana, Nebo, Noah, Persian Gulf, Saru, Sebat, Semites, Seven Evil Spirits, Seven Winds, Surippak, Tel-loh, The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, The Deluge, The Flood, Tiamat, Wind God, Winds, Xisuthros, Zarpanit
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Trinities versus Male-Female Dualism

“The early importance and supremacy of Erech in Semitic Babylonia caused its god to assume a place by the side of Ea of Eridu and Mul-lil, the older Bel. It is possible that the extension of his cult had already begun in Accadian days. The Ana, or Sky-god, to whom Gudea at Tel-loh erected a […]

Published: April 17, 2015
Filed Under: 1898, A.H. Sayce, Accad, Ana, Anat, Anathoth, Anats, Anu, Anunit, Ashtaroth, Ashtoreths, Babylonia, Bel, Bilat ili, Bilat matati, Canaan, Chaldea, Dav-kina, Dualism, Ea, Erech, Eridu, Evening Star, Gudea, Istar, Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as Illustrated by the Religion of the Ancient Babylonians, Moon, Mul-lil, Nipur, Samas, Semites, Sin, Sky God, Sun God, Tel-loh
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Assyrian Monotheism versus Babylonian Pantheism

“Henceforward “the heaven of Anu” denoted the serene and changeless regions to which the gods fled when the deluge had broken up the face of the lower heaven, and which an Assyrian poet calls “the land of the silver sky.” It was to this spiritualised heaven that the spirit of Ea-bani, the friend of Gisdhubar, ascended, and […]

Published: April 17, 2015
Filed Under: 1898, A.H. Sayce, Aeskhylos, Alala, An-sar, Anu, Ara, Assur, Assyria, Baal, Babylonia, Ea-bani, Erech, Eridu, Evening Star, Gisdhubar, Henry Rawlinson, Istar, Lakhama, Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as Illustrated by the Religion of the Ancient Babylonians, Monotheism, Moon, Nipur, Pantheism, Samas, Semites, Sin, Sun God, Tammuz, The Deluge, The Flood, Uras, Zechariah
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Unu-ki = Unuk = Uruk = Erech

“It was not of Semitic foundation, however. Its earliest name was the Accadian Unu-ki or Unuk, “the place of the settlement,” of which the collateral form Uruk does not seem to have come into vogue before the Semitic period. If I am right in identifying Unuk with the Enoch of Genesis, the city built by Kain […]

Published: April 16, 2015
Filed Under: 16th Century BCE, 1898, A.H. Sayce, Accad, Ana, Anah, Anat, Anathoth, Anats, Anu, Ashtaroth, Astartes, Baal, Baal-samaim, Babylonia, Beth-Anath, Beth-bath, Canaan, Chaldea, dingir, Ea, Egypt, Enoch, Erech, Eridu, Esau, Genesis, Hivites, Horite, Irad, Jared, Joshua, Kain, Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as Illustrated by the Religion of the Ancient Babylonians, Naphtali, Palestine, Semites, Temple of Anat, Thothmes III, Unu-ki, Unuk, Uruk, Zibeon, Zigara, Zikum
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Marduk Assimilates All Other Gods

“THE entire religious system of Babylonia is overshadowed, by Merodach, its great patron deity. We remember how he usurped the place of Ea, and in what manner even the legends of that god were made over to him, so that at last he came to be regarded as not only the national god of Babylonia […]

Published: April 14, 2015
Filed Under: 1893, 1917, 885-860 BCE, Adad, Babylon, Babylonia, Bel, Blood of Marduk, British Museum, Cuneiform, E-sagila, Ea, En-lil, Enlil, Eridu, Euphrates, Gal, King of Assyria, Lamentation Rituals, Lewis Spence, Louvre, Marduk, Merodach, Monotheism, Morris Jastrow, Myths and Legends of Babylonia and Assyria, Nebo, Nergal, Nimrûd, Ninib, Nippur, Oannes, Palace of Ashur-bani-pal, Religion in Babylonia and Assyria, Shamash, Shukamunu, Sin, Sun God, The Lofty House, Tiawath, Tishpak, Zamara
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Ea, Father of Merodach

“Ea developed with the centuries, and about the epoch of Khammurabi appears to have achieved a high standard of godhead, probably because of the very considerable amount of theological moulding which he had received. In the later Babylonian period we find him described as the protagonist of mankind, the father of Merodach, and, along with […]

Published: April 12, 2015
Filed Under: 1917, Anu, Babylon, Babylonia, Bel, Culture God, Ea, Eridu, Father of Merodach, God of Medicine, God of Wisdom, Greece, Khammurabi, Lewis Spence, Merodach, Myths and Legends of Babylonia and Assyria, Persian Gulf
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Nipur, City of Magic

“It is thus clear that, just as Eridu in southern Babylonia was the primitive seat of the worship of the Chaldean culture-god and of the civilisation with which his name was connected, Nipur in northern Babylonia was the original home of a very different kind of worship, which concerned itself with ghosts and demons and […]

Published: April 11, 2015
Filed Under: 1898, A.H. Sayce, Adar, Assyria, Babylonia, Bahu, Bel, Chaldea, Chaldean, Ea, Eridu, God of Nipur, King of Eridu, Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as Illustrated by the Religion of the Ancient Babylonians, London, Magic, masu, Merodach, Mistress of the Mountain, Mul-lil, Nin-Girsu, Nin-kharsak, Ninep, Nineveh, Nipur, Semites, Tel-loh, Uras
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Origins of Lilith

“We can now understand why it was that in the theology of Eridu the Sun-god was the offspring of Ea and Dav-kina. The name that he bore there was Dumuzi or Tammuz, “the only-begotten one,” of whom I shall have much to say in the next Lecture. At present I need only remark that he was the primeval Merodach; […]

Published: April 11, 2015
Filed Under: 1898, A.H. Sayce, Accad, Adam, Baal, Babylonians, Bel, Damuzi, Dav-kina, Descent of Istar into Hades, Ea, Eridu, Father Bel, First Wife of Adam, Idumea, Isaiah, Jews, kel-lilla, Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as Illustrated by the Religion of the Ancient Babylonians, Lil, lilatu, lilátu, Lilith, Lillum, London, Lord of the Ghose World, Merodach, Mul-lil, Niffer, Nipur, Rabbis, Semites, Sun God, Tammuz
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

The Oracles of Ea

“How a water-god became the demiurge seems at first sight obscure. But it ceases to be so when we remember the local character of Babylonian religion. Ea was as much the local god of Eridu as Merodach was of Babylon, or Assur of Assyria. His connection with the water was due to the position of Eridu […]

Published: April 11, 2015
Filed Under: 1898, A.H. Sayce, Accad, Assur, Assyria, Babylon, Babylonia, Cosmology, Dav-kina, dim, dime, dimer, dingi, dingir, dingira, Ea, Eridu, Euphrates, gim, gime, Gingira, Gula, Istar, Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as Illustrated by the Religion of the Ancient Babylonians, London, Merodach, Oracles, R, Ra, Semites, Sumeria, The Deluge, The Flood, Water God
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Egyptian Hieroglyphs and Babylonian Cuneiform Share No Common Ancestor

“Ea was [ … ] the source of their culture. He was symbolised, it would seem, by a serpent; … the primeval seat of the worship of Ea was the city of Eridu, now represented by the mounds of Abu Shahrein on the eastern bank of the Euphrates, and not far to the south of Mugheir or Ur. […]

Published: April 9, 2015
Filed Under: 1898, 3000 BCE, 4000 BCE, A.H. Sayce, Abu Shahrein, Babylon, Babylonia, Chaldea, Chaldeans, Cuneiform, Cush, Ea, Egypt, Eri-duga, Eri-zêba, Eridúga, Eridu, Euphrates, Hieroglyphics, Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as Illustrated by the Religion of the Ancient Babylonians, Lepsius, London, Mugheir, Oannes, Persian Gulf, Semites, Serpent, Tel-loh, Tigris, Ur
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Temples of the Cults

” … We have already indicated, in connection with the discussion of the chief figures in the pantheon, the tendency to group around the cult of the patron deity of an important centre the worship of other gods, and we have seen that this tendency goes hand in hand with the political expansion of such […]

Published: February 27, 2015
Filed Under: Ashur, Babylon, Borsippa, Calah, E-sagila, Ea, Enlil, Eridu, Ishtar, K-kur, Kish, Lagash, Marduk, Morris Jastrow, Nabu, Nergal, Nineveh, Ninib, Ninmakh, Nippur, Shamash, Sippar, The Civilization of Babylonia and Assyria, Ur, Uruk
Tags: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :